1. Practical Coating Thickness Measurement Overview Presented by: Paul Lomax, Fischer Technology, Inc.

2. Learning Objectives Test Methods Test methods available for coating thickness measurement Working knowledge of the basic theory of common test methods Best practices Factors that influence coating thickness measurement Instrument and probe selection criteria Instrument repeatability and minimum specification limits Evaluating the results of coating thickness Data transfer to inspection reports

3. Part 1: Common Coating Thickness Test Methods and Gages Magnetic Induction Method Eddy Current Method Type II Electronic Coating Thickness Gages Best Practices

4. Magnetic Induction Method Basic Theory The magnetic field of the probe interacts with the steel substrate The nearer the probe to the substrate the higher the magnification of the magnetic field and vice versa The changes of the magnetic field induce a voltage U in the measuring coil dependent on the distance of the probe from the ferrous (steel) base The instrument translates this signal into a coating thickness value

5. Magnetic Induction Method Non-ferromagnetic coatings on ferromagnetic substrate material Paint, enamel, epoxy powder coating, plastic on steel or iron Electroplated coatings such as chromium, zinc, copper or aluminum on steel or iron Main Areas of Application

6. Magnetic Induction Method Advantages: Non-destructive Relatively low cost Easy to operate Accurate and repeatable thickness readings Instantaneous, digital thickness display Available in bench top and hand-held models Limitations: Not recommended for coatings under 0.0001” (2.5 microns)

7. Excitation current Measurement signal U=f(th)) - Non-conducting, Non-magnetic coating material Induced eddy currents Electrically conducting nonferrous metal A high-frequency magnetic field induces Eddy currents into the conductive substrate material The magnitude of these Eddy currents depends on the distance between the coil and the substrate material The measurement signal is derived from the reflected impedance change in the probe coil as a function of the Eddy currents generated in the substrate material Eddy Current Method Basic Theory

8. Excitation current Measurement signal U=f(th)) Induced eddy currents Electrically conducting nonferrous metal th Main Areas of Application: Eddy Current Method Basic Theory Non-conductive, non- magnetic coatings applied to a non- ferrous substrate Paint, enamel, epoxy, powder coating, plastic on aluminum, stainless steel, copper, brass, tin etc. Anodize over aluminum

9. Eddy Current Method Advantages: Non-destructive Relatively low cost Easy to operate Accurate and repeatable thickness readings Instantaneous, digital thickness display Available in bench top and hand-held models available Limitations: Not recommended for coatings under 0.0001” (2.5 microns)

10. Coating Thickness Test Methods Magnetic Induction Method (EN ISO 2178) Eddy Current Method (EN ISO 2360) Excitation current I ~ Steel/iron substrate material thth Excitation current I ~ thth Electrically conducting non-ferrous metal Measurement signal U = f(d) (ASTM D 7091)

11. Type II Electronic Dry Film Thickness Gages DFT Gage Types Integrated Probes Separate Interchangeable probes Basic Memory Ferrous Non-Ferrous Dual Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Measurement Strategies SSPC-PA2 Capabilities IMO PSPC Capabilities

12. Coating Thickness Probes

13. Duplex Measurement – Multi Layer Coatings Example 1 Application: e.g., ELO-Zn, thin hot-dip-Zn Example 2 Application: e.g., thick hot-dip-Zn Coating: 1-2 mils Zinc coating:.2–.4 mils Steel substrate Paint coating: 3 – 5 mil Pure zinc coating: 3 – 8 mil Zinc iron diffusion zone (non-magnetic) Steel substrate

14. Terminology Related to Coating Thickness Measurement  Calibration  Normalization  Verification of Gage Accuracy  Adjustment

15. Calibration Calibration of coating thickness gages is performed by the equipment manufacturer, an authorized agent, or by an authorized, trained calibration laboratory in a controlled environment using a documented process. The outcome of the calibration process is to restore/realign the gage to meet/exceed the manufacturer’s stated accuracy Source ASTM D7091

16. Verification of Accuracy Obtaining measurements on coating thickness standards, comprising of at least one thickness value close to the expected coating thickness, prior to gage use for the purpose of determining the ability of the coating thickness gage to produce thickness results within the gage manufacturer’s stated accuracy Source ASTM D7091

17. Verification of Accuracy Verification of accuracy should be done on a regular basis such as beginning and end of each shift Keeping a record of an instrument’s verification of accuracy is good business practice GAGE IDENTIFICATION FMP40 25.06.08 CALIBRATION 25.06.08 16:18 Appl.No.:3 Probe:FD10 ISO/NF th.=0.000 mils=0.010 mil Iso/NF: 0.94 mil th.=0.93 mils=0.009 mil Iso/NF: 2.80 mil th.=2.78 mils=0.012 mil Uncoated base material Calibration Standard #1 Calibration Standard #2

18. Normalizing and Adjustment A smooth surface zero plate or preferably an uncoated substrate similar to the substrate that will be coated can be used to normalize a Type II coating thickness gage If necessary adjustments can often times be made on electronic (Type II) coating thickness gages using certified foils on a specific surface Using certified mylar foils is important for optimizing a gage and monitoring film thickness

19. Normalizing and Adjustment

20. Part 1: Test Method Summary Magnetic Induction and Eddy Current are common test methods incorporated in Type II electronic coating thickness gages Magnetic Induction Gages measure coatings over steel or iron (ferrous substrates) Eddy Current Gages measure coatings over aluminum, stainless, steel and other (non-ferrous substrates) Best practices include a record of the verification of gage accuracy along with an understanding of terminology such as calibration, normalization, adjustment

21. Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Measurement  Shape of the part to be measured  Substrate material and coating material  Instrument properties  Measurement practice of the operator  External influences

22. th Flat surface Th cvx > th Convex curvature Normalization and Adjustment Concave curvature th ccv < th Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Curvature

23. x = mean value, s = standard deviation _ _ _ _ _ Different curvature radi in one part Meas. location Meas. location 1 Meas. location 2 Meas. location 3 Meas. location 4 Readings (N=5) x s x s x s x s Standard Probe 9.2 0.4 52.1 0.76 22.3 0.85 61.9 1.4 Compensated Probe 9.8 0.25 10.2 0.52 10.4 0.65 10.5 0.59 Anodic coating: th nom = 10 µm Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Curvature Example

24.  Magnetic field reaches beyond the measurement area   Hand placement will lead to greater measurement data spread  A minimum area must be available  Consult manufacturer’s probe data sheets to determine specific capabilities Normalization th meas > th nom Spread th nom Factors that influence Coating Thickness Size of the Measurement Area

25.  Magnetic field reaches through!  Measurement error due to insufficient substrate material thickness  Measurement spread due to fluctuating substrate material thickness Normalization th meas > th nom Spread th nom Factors that Influence Coating Thickness Field Penetration Depth

26. Factors that Influence Tilting of Probe  Making sure that the probe tip is perpendicular to the substrate will help ensure that the measurement is taken properly

27. Perpendicular Probe Placement

28. Coating Thickness Probes

29. Substrate material 2 Normalization Substrate material 1 Substrate material 3 th < th meas th > th meas Magnetic induction measurement method Examples: Hard or soft magnetic steel, hardened surface Influence of the Substrate Material: Permeability µ r2 > µr1 thth th meas µ r1 thth thth µ r3 < µr1 th meas

30. With eddy current due to larger probe tip With the magnetic induction method due to two-tip probes (or larger probe tip, respectively) Low measurement data spread due to resting on roughness peaks Low measurement data spread due to integration via roughness profile Influence of Roughness – Reduction

31. The effects of substrate roughness and the roughness of coatings can be reduced by utilizing two-tip probes A pre-inspection scan of the coating can also be accomplished quickly Surface Roughness Factor Reduction

32. Non-Ferrous Substrate material 2 Normalization Non-Ferrous Substrate material 1 Non-Ferrous Substrate material 3 Recommendation: Normalize on the respective substrate material unless instrumentation is conductivity compensated. Influence of the Substrate Material - Conductivity thth th meas thth thth

33. Coating Thickness Probes

34. Part 2: Factors and Probe Selection Summary Factors including curvature, edge effect, permeability, penetration depth, and roughness effect coating thickness measurement Probe selection criteria including performance specifications in relation to the above mentioned factors are available from manufacturers of coating thickness instruments Just because a probe is capable of measuring doesn’t mean it is ideally suited for the application

35. Part 3: Measuring According to SSPC- PA2 and Documenting Results

36. Spot Mean Calculation Low cost DFT Gages offer instant spot mean calculations. Typically the mean of three gauge readings are recorded in accordance with SSPC-PA2

37. 37 Efficiency in Coating Thickness Measurement Naming applications reduces the likelihood of documentation errors

38. Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2

40. Tolerances set and automatic monitoring 80%-120% rule Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2

41. Overall Summary Number of spot readings per area Summary per spot Measuring and Documenting Inspection Reports According to SSPC-PA2 Individual readings per spot

42. Hand Writing or Typing Previously Required to Complete Forms

43. User Completes Form on the DFT Instrument

44. Defining Locations, Visual Guidance and Sequence of Measurements

45. Common Data Communication Methods Bluetooth® USB Port RS-232 Data Communication

46. Data Transfer to PC

47. Readings Transferred From Unit to DFT Log

48. Part 3 Summary : Measuring According to SSPC-PA2 and Documenting Results Most Type II electronic gages now offer measurement specification guidance such as SSPC-PA2 Visual guidance and measurement sequencing allows for inspection plans to be followed in the field by using hand held dry film thickness instrumentation Technology advancements yield reduction in costs, reduction in administrative time and reduction in errors