1. Ocean Currents

2. Why is Ocean Circulation Important? Transport heat Equator to poles Transport nutrients and organisms Influences weather and climate Influences commerce

3. Surface Currents The upper 400 meters of the ocean (10%). Deep Water Currents Thermal/Salinity currents (90%) Ocean Currents

4. Wind-driven surface currents

5. 30 o 60 o 90 o 0 o Forces 1.Solar Heating (temp, density) 2.Winds 3.Coriolis Surface Currents

6. What do Nike shoes, rubber ducks, and hockey gloves have to do with currents?

7. Lost at Sea

8. January 1992 - shipwrecked in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of China November 1992 - half had drifted north to the Bering Sea and Alaska; the other half went south to Indonesia and Australia 1995 to 2000 - spent five years in the Arctic ice floes, slowly working their way through the glaciers 2001 - the duckies bobbed over the place where the Titanic had sunk 2003 - they were predicted to begin washing up onshore in New England, but only one was spotted in Maine 2007 - a couple duckies and frogs were found on the beaches of Scotland and southwest England. Duckie Progress

9. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

10. Surface and Deep-Sea Current Interactions “Global Ocean Conveyor Belt”

11. Transport by Currents Surface currents play significant roles in transport heat energy from equatorial waters towards the poles Currents also involved with gas exchanges, especially O 2 and CO 2 Nutrient exchanges important within surface waters (including outflow from continents) and deeper waters (upwelling and downwelling) Pollution dispersal Impact on fisheries and other resources

12. Global ocean circulation that is driven by differences in the density of the sea water which is controlled by temperature and salinity.

13. White sections represent warm surface currents. Purple sections represent deep cold currents

14. Upwelling and downwelling Vertical movement of water Upwelling = movement of deep water to surface Hoists cold, nutrient-rich water to surface Produces high productivities and abundant marine life Downwelling = movement of surface water down Moves warm, nutrient-depleted surface water down Not associated with high productivities or abundant marine life

15. upwelling downwelling

16. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) El Niño = warm surface current in equatorial eastern Pacific that occurs periodically around December Southern Oscillation = change in atmospheric pressure over Pacific Ocean accompanying El Niño ENSO describes a combined oceanic-atmospheric disturbance

17. Oceanic and atmospheric phenomenon in the Pacific Ocean Occurs during December 2 to 7 year cycle Sea Surface Temperature Atmospheric Winds Upwelling

18. Normal conditions in the Pacific Ocean

19. El Niño conditions (ENSO warm phase)

20. La Niña conditions (cool phase; opposite of El Niño)

21. El Ni ñ oNon El Ni ñ o 1997

22. Non El Niño El Niño Thermocline – layer of ocean right beneath the “mixed layer” where temperatures decrease rapidly. upwelling

23. El Niño events over the last 55 years El Niño warmings (red) and La Niña coolings (blue) since 1950. Source: NOAA Climate Diagnostics CenterNOAA Climate Diagnostics Center

24. El Nino Animation World Wide Effects of El Niño Weather patterns Marine Life Economic resources

25. Effects of severe El Niños