2. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-1 Convection a method of heat loss in which the layer of heated air next to the body is constantly being removed and replaced by cooler air, such as by a fan

3. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-2 Radiation the release of rays in different directions from a common point; the transfer or loss of heat by or from its source to the surrounding environment in the form of heat waves or rays

4. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-3 Evaporation a method of heat loss in which a liquid changes from a liquid to vapor as with perspiration

5. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-4 Humidity moisture in the air

6. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-5 Relative Humidity a measurement of moisture in the air based on the difference between the amount of water vapor in the air and the maximum amount the air could contain at the same temperature

7. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-6 Psychrometer an instrument used to measure relative humidity

8. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-7 Measuring Relative Humidity Relative humidity can be measured with a psychrometer, such as this digital sling psychrometer.

9. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-8 Training Guidelines for Hot or Humid Weather

10. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-9 The Heat Index

11. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-10 Heat Cramps muscle spasms resulting from dehydration

12. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-11 Avoiding Dehydration To avoid dehydration it is important to replace the same amount of water that is lost.

13. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-12 Heat Exhaustion physical reaction to heat exposure resulting from dehydration and characterized by profuse sweating and extreme weakness or fatigue; can lead to heat stroke

14. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-13 Guidelines for Preventing Heat-Related Disorders 1.Keep a record of each athlete’s weight before and after practice. Weight loss in excess of 3% of body weight should be noted. 2.Athletes who lose more than 3% of their body weight during practices should be observed for signs of heat exhaustion due to excessive water loss. If an athlete loses more than 7% of his or her body weight during one practice or game, he or she should be sent to a physician. 3.Check the percentage of body fat for each athlete. Athletes who have a low percentage of body fat will be more likely to experience heat cramps because of the lower level of fluids in their body. 4.Check the weather forecast for your area before practice and competition.

15. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-14 Guidelines for Preventing Heat-Related Disorders, Cont. 5.Be aware of the duration and intensity of practice in hot or humid weather. 6.Use acclimatization strategies to help the athletes become accustomed to temperature and environmental conditions that may change between on and off- season. It can take up to two weeks to become properly acclimatized; make sure your athletes are aware of this. 7.Select practice clothing and summer or winter uniforms in accordance with the temperature and the humidity of that particular day. 8.Make sure athletes change shirts that become soaked with sweat, because these sweat-soaked shirts become insulators in hot weather and do not allow sweat to evaporate and cool the body.

16. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-15 Guidelines for Preventing Heat-Related Disorders, Cont. 9.Make sure athletes drink plenty of water or sports drinks before, during, and after exercise to replace lost fluid. 10.Some sports drinks provide an advantage over water because they contain important electrolytes as well as water. 11.Discourage the use of salt tablets for all but ultra endurance events. 12.Remind athletes that a well-balanced diet with limited fat consumption is very important in preventing heat problems because it provides the body with the nutrients needed to help compensate for changing temperatures.

17. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-16 Heatstroke a rising body temperature that causes central nervous system symptoms

18. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-17 Danger Signs of Heat-Related Illnesses

19. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-18 Exposure Risks Associated with Wind and Cold Temperatures

20. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-19 Hypothermia an unusually low body temperature capable of causing problems with the central nervous system and cardiac arrest

21. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-20 Avoiding Hypothermia Wearing protective clothing and monitoring weather reports are essential to the comfort and safety of cold weather athletes.

22. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-21 Diabetic Coma coma induced by a lack of insulin in the body, resulting from diabetic ketoacidosis

23. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-22 Insulin Shock shock caused by an overdose of insulin

24. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-23 Asthma a lung disorder that causes breathing difficulty, wheezing, and coughing, and that can lead to airway obstruction

25. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-24 Epilepsy a term that describes a group of nervous system disorders that involve disturbed rhythms of the electrical impulses that fire throughout the cerebrum, resulting in seizure activity or abnormal behavior

26. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-25 Zack Valadez is a great golfer. He is also extremely superstitious. No matter how hot or humid it is he won’t drink water while he plays. Although he might drink a soda from time to time while golfing to quench his thirst, he never drinks water during practice or a round. Several years ago he found that when he drank water before playing, he felt bloated and he didn’t shoot as well. Zack was enjoying the annual winter golf outing in Fort Myers, Florida, an event he always attended with a group of college golfers from Ohio. It was their opportunity to get out and have some fun before the season began. This year, the weather in Ohio had been so cold they had practiced in a climate-controlled indoor range all winter; they hadn’t played a round outdoors since late October. The trip to Florida brought a welcome change— warm weather. The weather has always been great on these trips, but this winter was just a little warmer than usual and more humid too. It rained almost every day at about 11 am for about 15 minutes, then the humidity would rise, making the afternoons less comfortable than usual.

27. Copyright © 2002 Career Publishing, Inc. Visual 19-26 On Friday, they started playing at about noon, following the usual rainstorm. Zack had worked out on the stair stepper that morning and worked up a good sweat. The workout left him no time to grab anything but a non-diet cola to drink before he met up with his buddy, Blair, on the green. They got off to a great start, but by 2:30 in the afternoon the weather was starting to wear on Zack: his cotton shirt was soaked with sweat. The temperature was in the high 80s and the humidity was close to 90%! About half way through the second 18, Blair noticed that Zack was acting different. What are some of the signs of heat-related illnesses? What can be done to prevent heat-related emergencies? What first aid procedures are appropriate for someone with heatstroke? Heat exhaustion? How would you establish an emergency action plan for a golf course in a different town?