1. Glencoe World History Chapter 23
World War I
Glencoe World History Chapter 23
SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes of World War I and its global impact.
a. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan nationalism, entangling alliances, and militarism.
b. Describe conditions on the war front for soldiers; include the Battle of Verdun.
c. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty; include German reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.
d. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the great empires; include the Romanov and Hapsburg dynasties.

2. Causes of WWI Nationalism Entangling Alliances
Thought this would lead to cooperation?!?!?!
Entangling Alliances
Triple Alliance (1882)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
Triple Entente (1907)
France, Great Britain, and Russia
Militarism – aggressive preparation for war
Growth of mass armies
After 1900 draft present in most European countries

3. The Spark that led to War
June 28, A member of a Serbian terrorist organization, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated the Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne
States in Southeast Europe had been struggling for many years to free themselves from Ottoman rule
Serbia wanted a large Slavic state in the Balkans; Austria-Hungary determined this was NOT happening

4. The Spark that led to War
Austria Hungary made harsh demands which Serbia refused to meet.
July 28, Austria Hungary along with its ally, Germany, declared war on Serbia, who was supported by its ally, Russia.
Within a week, Austria Hungary and Germany were at war with Russia, France, and Great Britain
Before the war ended, 30 countries on six continents would be involved

5. Two Sides Central Powers Allied Powers (Allies) Austria Hungary
Germany
Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers (Allies)
France
Russia
Great Britain
Italy (joined in 1915)

7. Western Front Germany hoped for a quick end to the war
Germany stopped at the First Battle of the Marne
600 mile line from the Swiss border to the English Channel Western Front
No man’s land~ area in between the trenches
Thousands died, no one able to break through enemy line or end the trench warfare

8. Eastern Front Marked by mobility Russians faced enormous losses
2.5 million Russians killed, captured, or wounded
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and ally Bulgaria eliminated Serbia and moved to the Western Front
Italy betrayed Germany by attacking Austria in May 1915

9. Belgian soldiers digging trenches.

10. Conditions on the Warfront
Generals did not know how to deal with trench warfare in west
During 1916 and 1917 millions died in search of the elusive break through
In 1916, in 10 months at Verdun, France, 700,000 men lost their lives over a few miles of land
War of attrition
Living in holes in the ground
Decomposing bodies, rats, etc…

12. Military Situation in 1917 By 1917, Allies had faced enormous losses
Allied offensives on the Western front had been badly defeated
Tsar of Russia deposed and new government established- Bolsheviks (Communists)
Russian Revolution in November 1917, led to their withdrawal a few months later ceding territory to Germany
American entry a bright spot to a bleak year
Provided a much need psychological boost
Fresh men
Fresh material

13. US 18th Infantry, 1st Division troops in front line trench, 20 Jan 1918

14. Germany’s Last Bid for Victory
March 1918~ Germany launched a powerful campaign to end the war
By April, they were 50 miles from Paris
July 18, German advance stopped at the Second Battle of the Marne by a combined force of French, Moroccan, and American troops supported by tanks

15. World War I Map Activity

16. Paris Peace Conference
January 1919
27 victorious allied nations met to make a final settlement but there were problems…
Secret treaties (Territories, Reparation Payments, etc…)
National interests
Germany not invited to defend themselves
Russia in a civil war and could not come

17. Big Four Great Britain Prime Minister David Lloyd George
Elected on platform “Make Germany Pay”
France
Premier Georges Clemenceau
Wanted national security from Germany invasion & revenge
Italy
Vittorio Orlando- Smaller role than the big three powers
The United States
President Woodrow Wilson
Wanted lasting peace… compromised believing the League of Nations would fix any unfair settlements; Senate refused to ratify the agreement

19. Treaty of Versailles Late June 1919, final peace treaty signed
5 separate treaties with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey
Germany is the most significant
Germany responsible for starting war
Must pay reparations for all the damage to the Allied countries
Reduce army, navy and eliminate Air Force
Zone was completely demilitarized
Alsace & Lorraine returned to France

20. Results of the Treaties
Ottoman Empire broken up
Poland recreated from sections of East Germany
Austro-Hungarian empire disappeared
Czechoslovakia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Yugoslavia were created (from former Austro-Hungarian Empire)

21. Mandate System
To gain support of Arab states in the Ottoman Empire, West promised them independence, but changed their minds after the war…
Mandate system developed- a nation officially governed another nation on behalf of the League of Nations but did not own the territory
France- Lebanon & Syria
Great Britain- Iraq and Palestine

22. French cemetery near Verdun

23. Impact Death of almost 10 million people
Revolutions broke up old empires (Russian Revolution- Romanov dynasty and the Hapsburg dynasty in the Austro-Hungarian empire) and created new states
Power of governments increased; strong central authority a way of life
Communism became a factor in global conflict as other nations turned to its ideology.