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PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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THE PHYLOGENY OF PLANTS…
Charophytes (green algae) Bryophytes (non vascular) Trachoephytes (seedless, vascular) Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”,vascular) Angiosperms (contained seeds, vascular) Monocots / Dicots
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Major Parts of a Plant Leaves Seeds Flower Stem Root
Where photosynthesis occurs Seeds Method of sexual reproduction Flower Site where reproduction occurs Stem Transports nutrients and supports the plant Root take in nutrients and anchor plant
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The Seed Parts of a Seed The first leaves of a plant
Cotyledon The first leaves of a plant Seed Coat Outside covering of a seed Endosperm Food storage tissue that nourishes the embryo Embryo New plant developed after fertilization
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Types of Seeds Monocots A seed with only one cotyledon
All grasses are monocots Flower parts in threes Leaves with parallel primary veins Dicots A seed with two cotyledons Flower parts in fours or fives Leaves with distinct vein network All broadleaf plants are dicots
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Seed Parts Fertilizationzygoteseed (embryo)
Plumule- is like a leave in its early development becomes the shoot Hypocotyl- develops into the stem Radicle- Becomes roots
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Male Parts of the Flower
Stamen- Makes up all male parts Pollen- Male sex cell, similar to sperm Anther- Sac-like structure on top of the filament Filament- Short stalk that holds the anther
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Female Parts of the Flower
Pistil- Makes up all female parts Ovules- Female sex cell, similar to the egg Stigma- Sticky part of the system, catches pollen Style-Tube that leads from the stigma to the ovary Ovary- Place where ovule is fertilized by the pollen, Turns into a fruit or seed coat
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Primary Growth Occurs in apical meristems of plant
(found at tips of stems and roots)
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PROBLEM! IF THE CUTICLE BLOCKS WATER, WHAT ELSE IS PREVENTED FROM ENTERING/EXITING THE PLANT? C O 2 !!
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Solution? STOMATA! Tiny pores in epidermis surrounded by two guard cells! Open during the day! Why? PS occurs during the day Transpiration necessary for cooling
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VASCULAR TISSUE 2 MAJOR TYPES: XYLEM TISSUE PHLOEM TISSUE
Found together in VASCULAR BUNDLES Arise primarily from apical meristem Arise secondarily from vascular cambium
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XYLEM TISSUE CONDUCTS WATER PROVIDES MECHANICAL SUPPORT
2 TYPES OF XYLEM CELLS: TRACHEIDS: VESSEL ELEMENTS:
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PHLOEM TISSUE CONDUCTS SUGARS COMPOSED OF TWO CELL TYPES:
SIEVE-TUBE MEMBERS COMPANION CELLS
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Sieve tube members Form sieve tubes to conduct sugars throughout plant
Lack nuclei, ribosomes, vacuoles, etc. Vascular bundle
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xylem
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Stems Transports food, water, and nutrients
Supports the leaves and flowers
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Parts of the Stem Water and minerals travel up to other plant parts
Xylem Water and minerals travel up to other plant parts Phloem Manufactured food travels down to other plant parts Cambium Separates xylem and phloem
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Types of Root Systems Short, small, compact roots
Fibrous Roots Easier to transplant Short, small, compact roots Tap Root Difficult to transplant, since most of the tap root is cut-off Tap root is primarily used for storage of food In both types, most nutrients and water are absorbed by root hair
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Fibrous Roots Monocots Several roots of same size w/ branching
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Roots can be adapted for storage of nutrients:
Example: Carrot (Taproot) Sweet Potato (Fibrous Root)
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Plant Processes Photosynthesis Mixes light, water, and carbon dioxide in the presence of chlorophyll to produce sugar and oxygen Respiration Combines sugars and oxygen to give off water and heat Transpiration Loss of water through the leaves or stems Causes wilting when soil is dry
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Animal Water Wind Dispersal of Seeds Gravity Wind Force
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Let's have a short Review
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Plant Systems There are 3 main plant systems:
Reproductive – this is the flower structure Transport – this is the stem and roots and their xylem and phloem Energy – this is the leaf and other areas of photosynthesis.
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Leaf Tissue – What happens where?
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