1. 1.2 Geographer’s Tools
Big Idea: Geographer’s use a multitude of different maps and graphs to organize our world.

2. Section 2 Discussion Questions
How do geographers and mapmakers organize our world?
What kinds of special maps do geographers use?
How do geographers use climate graphs and population pyramids?
Geographers organize the way our world is organized in many different ways and this section is how geographers do this.

3. Organizing the Globe Globe vs. Map
map- is a flat drawing of the earth or a place and shows its different features.
globe- is a three-dimensional (3D) scale model of Earth.
*There are seven continents
*There are five oceans
Globe is a scale model of the world. Which it means countries and oceans are the same in scale as the ones we live on.
On a map we can display the world but not everything will be displayed accurately. ( click on colored globe to show students how shapes of land forms change depending on view of the map.
Click on picture and have students label their maps for studying purposes.

4. The Earth Divided
The Globes and Maps are divided by three major lines going across and up-down
*The equator is across and at 0°
*The Prime Meridian is up-down 0°
*International Date Line is up and down 180°
*Northern, Eastern, Southern & Western hemispheres
Prime meridian
International Date Line
Northern Hemisphere
Have students pull out their maps again and label the lines that divide the earth.
Explain how the international date line decides
This line can be found at the 180° mark on a globe or map.
This line shows where each new calendar day begins and ends.
Because of this line we also have something called time zones.
Equator
Western Hemisphere
Eastern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere

5. Types of Map Projection
Map projections-how globes are transferred to a flat surface
Most common
cylindrical,
conic
flat-plane.
Maps are flat representation of the earth. A book of maps is known as an atlas
Know if you look at a atlas there are many different types of maps because if you flatten the globe you change the representation of the landforms. This has to happen to show what the world would look like round on a flat surface. Some maps show true landscape but not size. Others show true direction but not size.
Example of the pocket globe Thomas Jefferson kept for his travels
Click on unwrapping globe to show a 1:00 min map projections video.

6. Cylindrical Most Common: Mercator map
Image a piece of paper wrapped around the equator.
Land shape is accurate
Land size is inaccurate: larger near the high latitudes (north pole -Greenland)/ smaller near the lower latitudes (south pole).
Navigators use it because it shows correct direction and shape of landforms
Imagine a piece of paper being wrapped around the globe
Only where the paper touches is it accurate
The meridians are pulled apart and are now parallel which means near the poles the land appears larger than it really is.
Prime example is a Mercator map.
shows true direction and shape but near the poles land is larger. At lower latitudes they are smaller.

7. Conic Imagine a paper has been wrapped around a globe like a cone hat.
Where the paper touches the globe are the most accurate depictions shapes and sizes of landmasses: United States and Russia
Useful when studying a location that is far spanning in terms of east to west.
Imagine you have taken a piece of paper and wrapped it around your head to make a cone. That is basically how a conic map is made. It is most accurate where the paper would touch the globe. Along those points the land shape and size is true. Useful for regions like Russia that have long east-west ranges.

8. Flat-Plane Imagine a paper only touching the globe at one point.
True size, but distorts shapes
True directions for airplane pilots and ship navigators.
Appear to touch the globe at one point ( north pole or south pole)
True size but distorts shape
Now it shows true direction for airplane pilots. Which I will tell you why on the next slide.

9. Review of Map Projections
D. Cylindrical-landmasses larger
toward north pole…Mercator…true direction
and shape
E. Conic-accurate where lines touch
the cone…almost true shape and size
F. Flat-plane- true size…
poor shapes
G. Great Circle Route-shortest
distance between two
places…confusing
The reason the Flat plane can show true direction for airplane pilots is because it shows the meridians or something referred to as the great circle routes
Remember that the earth is naturally not flat so you do not travel a straight line you would travel the curve of the earth which that circle route shows.
Click on video to show great circle route.
Use route program showing matt’s route from here to dover to ramstein airforce base,

10. Title Insert maps Grid Compass Key or Legend Scale Kinds of Borders
Map Components
Title Insert maps Grid Compass Key or Legend Scale Kinds of Borders

11. Title The title of a map indicates what the map is about
Title The title of a map indicates what the map is about. This is always the first part of the map you should look at. What is this map about?

12. Compass Rose Tells you directions when you are lost
Compass Rose Tells you directions when you are lost. The needle of a compass must always point north to work right .
Cardinal Directions- These are the four primary directions of the compass.
Intermediate Directions- These are your secondary directions of the compass. They are made up from a combination of the primary directions.
Northwest
Northeast
Southwest
Southeast

14. Insert maps
Insert maps are a mini map placed in the corner of a page to show a location that would not be able to be seen.
Insert map examples

15. Scale
By using maps we can also tell the distance from one place to another.
Maps are made in a way so that we can see an entire area. When drawn the drawings are smaller then they actually are in real life. This mean if you need to measure distance you will use a scale that tells you how many miles away something is. Now lets learn about scales.
Think of how hard it would be to carry a map in your car literally the size of MO. It is much easier if it is brought down to a smaller size. One inch could equal 100 miles.

16. Grids
A grid is a pattern of lines that can help you find a location on a map.
Latitude (parallels run E-W & measures N or S of the Equator)
longitude (meridians run N-S & measure E-W of the Prime Meridian )
This shows us where things are on our planet and size actual shape and size. To organize it further geographers use grids of lines. Latitude and longitude.
click on the grid globe to show students how grids work.

17. Borders Are what you use to divide land areas on a map
Borders Are what you use to divide land areas on a map. They can be made from physical features or man-made lines agreed on by humans.
Physical Borders
Mountains
Grasslands
Desserts
Bodies of water
Lakes
Rivers
Oceans
Gulfs
Man-made borders - State line borders - Lines dividing countries - City borders -County borders

18. How are different types of maps distinguished?

19. Physical Maps Physical maps show the physical features of the Earth.
Physical maps do not contain man made features.
For example, a physical map would be a map of what you would see if you were looking down on Earth from space.

20. When you look at this map, what do you see?
Notice you do not see state borders or city markings. These divisions are created by people. What you do see though are physical feature landmarks like mountains, plains, desserts, beaches, lakes, oceans and rivers

21. Political Maps
Unlike physical maps, political maps show humans interaction with the landscape. For example, city names, roads, country borders, etc. are all part of political maps.
Political maps change frequently and must be redrawn often. A political map of the world that is 50 years old is no longer accurate.

22. Topographic/ Contour Maps
 Topographic Maps - include contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area. Lines that are close together show steep terrain, and lines that are far apart show flat terrain.  Many hikers use topographic maps, especially in areas where there are no roads with signs. Geologists depend on topographic maps to record the types of rocks. Engineers use topographic maps when they are planning roads, buildings or other human–made structures.

23. Climate Map
The climate of a place is the weather it has season by season, year after year
Rainfall and temperature are climate’s main ingredients
Climate is affected by elevation, distance from the ocean, and latitude

24. World Climate Map

25. Thematic Maps
These maps show how land is being used. This might refer to:
vegetation
crops being grown
forest vs. Agriculture
mines and wells
city zoning.

27. Maps that show elevation change by using color or shading.
What is the elevation of the San Joaquin Valley?
Maps that show elevation change by using color or shading.

28. How Maps Show History
All maps show history in some way shape or form. They can show how land moves and changes over time, how populations change, or how a nation grows.
Click on the map of MO to show the population history and the leaf to show how The US has expanded over the years.

29. Types of Maps Political Elevation Thematic
This map represents a small area with lots of detail. It has contour lines as well as natural and man-made features. _______________
This map uses colors to show height above sea level. ____________________________
These colorful maps show lines that people use to divide countries and states. They also show major cities. _____________________
These maps show physical features on the Earth like rivers, mountains, and deserts. ____________________________
These maps show how land is being used. For example, they might show which crops are being grown or what animals are being raised. ________________________
These maps show climate regions. ___________________
Political Elevation Thematic
Topographic/ Contour Climate Physical
Have students take out a piece of paper, answer the five questions and then turn it in.

30. GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
Computer system used by geographers
Displays locations and their features
Saves data of an area in layers ( population information, buildings, and streets)
Click on picture to show how GIS can show the flood prone areas for a one hundred year flood.
Click on cartoon picture for a simpler example of GIS

31. V. Climate Graphs and Population Pyramids-Page 19
Pop of males and females
Left side male
Right side female
Percentage of pop on the bottom
Age of pop along the side
Bottom is the youth
Top is elderly
Average temp & precipitation
One side temp
One side rainfall
Bottom months
Click on pop pyramid to show graph website. Explain how more developed countries do not really have a pyramid shape because people live longer and do not have as many children. Explain why this is ( women are getting a education and working, better health care, and birth control