1. Faculty of Engineering Technology
& Research. Isroli, Afwa.

2. Civil 13 group. no 2 Name Enrollment no Roll no Khunt Kanthan L. 11
Bavasiya Milan J. 16
Babariya Chirag H. 19
Vala Jitu M. 24
Dabhi Nitin M. 12
Patel Hetul P. 25
Shera Parshant 38
Guided by
- Mr. Shivang Dabhi
-Miss Ankita Upadhyay

3. Surveying and leveling

4. Introduction of surveying and leveling
Surveying is the art and sciences of determining of the relative position of different points or stations on the surface of the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal and vertical distances, angle, and taking in details of this points and by preparing map or plan for the suitable scale.
Leveling is the branch of surveying which deals with the measurement of the relative highest of different points on or below the surface of the earth.
Surveying include measurements of distance and angles in horizontal and vertical plane and leveling is the measurements of highest in vertical plane.

5. Chain, tape, compass, level and theodolite are instruments use for surveying. Surveying fixes the relative position of different points and station on the surface of the earth.
It also includes measurement of area and volumes.
Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to some scale. It is carried out to fix alignment of road, railway and canal.
It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structure.
Electronics total station and Global Positioning System (GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for the surveying work.
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) are adopted for Surveying and planning of many civil engineering projects.

6. OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING
The object of surveying is to prepare a map or plan to show relative position of points or the object on the surface of the earth.
The map or plan is draw to some suitable scale. It shows the boundaries of districts, state and countries too.
It is also include details of different engineering features such as building, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING

7. USES OF SURVEYING To prepare cadastral map
Surveying may be use for the following properties
To prepare cadastral map
To prepare an engineering map
To prepare the contour map
To prepare military map
To prepare geological map, archeological map etc.

8. PRIMARY DIVISION OF SURVEYING
We know that the shape of surface of earth is spherical.
Thus, the surface is obviously curved. Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the curvature of earth’s surface.
Plans Surveying
Geodetic surveying

9. Plane surveying& Geodetic surveying

10. Different between plan surveying and geodetic surveying
NO.
Plan surveying
Geodetic surveying 1.
The earth surface is considered as a plane surface.
The earth surface is considered as a curved surface 2.
The curvature of earth surface is ignored.
The curvature of earth surface is taken in account. 3.
Line joining any two points is considered to be straight.
Line joining any two points is considered to be curve. 4.
The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane triangle.
The triangle formed by any three points is considered as a spherical triangle. 5.
The angle of triangle is considered as plane angle.
The angle of triangle is considered as spherical angle. 6.
Carried out for a small area <250km2
Carried out for a large area >250km2

11. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPAL OF SURVEYING
Two basic principles of surveying
Always work from the whole to the part
To locate a new station by at least two measurement form fixed reference points

12. 1.Always work from the whole to the part

13. 2.To locate a new station by at least two measurements from fixed

14. Classification of Surveying
Based on Instrument
Based on Methods
Based on Purposes
Based on nature of field

15. 1. Classification based upon Instrument
Chain Survey
Compass Survey
Chain and Compass Surveying
Plane Table Survey
Theodolite Survey
Tachometry Survey
Leveling Survey
Photogrammetric Survey
EDM Survey

16. The chain surveying
This is the simplest type of surveying in which only linear measurement are made with a chain or a tape. Angular measurement are not taken.

17. The compass survey
It has very important and critical application in the military. Aerial surveys are conducted for this purpose. It is conducted to locate strategic positions for the purpose of army operations.

18. Chain or compass survey

19. Plane or table survey
It is a graphical method of surveying in which field works and plotting both are done simultaneously

20. The theodolite survey
In theodolite survey, the horizontal angles are measured with theodolite more precisely than compass and the linear measureme nt made with a chain or tape.
In theodolite survey, the horizontal angles are measured with a theodolite more precisely than compass and the linear measurements are made with a chain or a tape.

21. The tacheometry survey
A special type of theodolite known as tachometer is used to determine Horizontal and vertical distance indirectly.

22. Leveling survey
This type of survey is used to determine the vertical distances
and relative Heights of points with the help of an instrument
known as level.

23. The photogrammetric survey
Photogrammetric is the sciences of taking measurement with the help of the photographs taken by aerial camera from the air craft.

24. EDM survey
In this type of survey, all measurements are made with the help of EDM instrument.

25. 2. Classification based on Methods
Triangulation
Traversing

26. 3. Classification based on Purpose
Geological Survey
Mine Survey
Archaeological Survey
Military Survey

27. 4. classification based on nature of field
Land survey
Hydrographic survey
Astronomic survey
Aerial survey

28. PLANS AND MAPS
One of the basic objectives of surveying is to prepare plans and maps.

29. Plan
A plan is the graphical representation, to some scale, of the features on, near or below the surface of the earth as projected on a horizontal plane.
The horizontal plane is represented by the plan of the drawing sheet on which the plan is drawn to some scale.
However, the surface of the earth is curved; it can not be truly represented on a plan without distortion. In plane surveying, the areas involved are small, the earth’s surface may be considered as a plane and hence a plan is constructed by orthographic projections.

30. MAP
If the scale of the graphical projection on a horizontal plane is small, the plane is called a map. Thus graphical representation is called a plan if the scale is large while it is called a map if the scale is small.

31. SCALE
It is the basic requirement for the preparation of plans or maps. Scale is used to represent large distance on paper. The ratio by which the actual length of the object is reduced or increased in the drawing is known as ‘scale’. For an example, if 1 cm on a map represents a distance of 10 meters on the ground, the scale of the map is said to be 1 cm = 10 m.

32. Representative Fraction (RF)
The ratio of the distance on the drawing to the corresponding actual length of the object on the ground is known as the representative fraction. i.e.
RF= distance of object on drawing
corresponding actual distance of object on ground

33. Types of scales
Plain scale
Diagonal scale
Chord scale
Vernier scale

34. Plain scale

35. Diagonal scale

36. Vernier scale

37. Thank
You