1. CHAPTER 16 CONCURRENT ENROLLMENT

2. AMINE  An organic compound derived by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms of ammonia with alkyl or aromatic groups, as in RNH 2, R 2 NH, and R 3 N  Primary amine –An amine having one alkyl or aromatic group bonded to nitrogen, as in R-NH 2  Secondary amine –An amine having two alkyl or aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen, as in R 2 NH  Tertiary amine –An amine having three alkyl or aromatic groups bonded to nitrogen, as in R 3 N 

3. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES  Low molecular weight amines are gases at room temperature  Heavier, more complex amines are liquids or solids  Nitrogen is not as electronegative as oxygen, the hydrogen bonds in amines are weaker than those in an alcohol  Primary and secondary amine boiling points are slightly lower than alcohols of the same molecular weight

4. CONTINUE  Low molecular weigh amines have a sharp, penetrating odor similar to that of ammonia  Larger amines smell like decaying fish  Chemical properties of amines  Behave like a weak base  Ammonia is a Bronsted base, [proton acceptor]  Form OH - ions when they react with water  Form salts when they react with an acid –R-NH 2 + H 2 O R-NH 3 + + OH - –R-NH 2 + HCl ---> R-NH 3 + + Cl -  Amine salts change name “amine” to ammonium

5. CONTINUE  Amine salts have characteristics of other ionic compounds  White crystal solid, high melting point, more soluble in water than the parent amine  Amine salts can easily convert back with the use of a strong base  This form of an amine is in is pH dependent  Solutions with high H + concentrations will form the amine salt  Solutions with high OH - concentrations will form the amine  Quaternary ammonium salt –An ionic compound containing a positively charged ion in which four alkyl or aromatic groups are bonded to nitrogen, as in R 4 N +  Choline is an important quaternary ammonium salt and is a component in a certain lipid involved in nerve impulses  Some quaternary ammonium salts are used for disinfectants

6. AMIDE  Amide  An organic compound having the functional group

7. CONTINUE

8. IMPORTANT AMINES  Amines can be neurotransmitters –A substance that acts as a chemical bridge in nerve impulse transmission between nerve cells  Epinephrine  Increases the glucose levels in the blood system  Releases when you are in pain, fear or anger  Can reduce hemorrhage, asthma attacks, and combat anaphylactic shock (collapse of the circulatory system)

9. CONTINUE  Amphetamines –Class of drugs structurally similar to epinephrine, used to stimulate the central nervous system  Can also be found in the drug culture as speed or uppers, can cause hallucinations, addictive can cause loss of sleep and paranoia  Alkaloids –Come from plants, nitrogen-containing organic compounds –Opium is an addictive drug, belladonna is a deadly poison  From opium many pain killers are formed morphine and codeine. Heroin is derived from morphine  Some are less addictive like nicotine and caffeine  Quinine is used to treat malaria

10. NAMING AMIDES, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Amides are named after the corresponding acids change the -ic to -amide  Acetic acid to acetamide  N is used to indicate the alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen not a carbon  Formamide is liquid at room temperature, all other amide are solids  The more R groups attached the lower the melting point will be

11. CONTINUE  Amides are soluble when they contain fewer than 6 carbon atoms  Amides are neutral in nature  Amide hydrolysis