1. Vivaldi Spring

2. ･ The program derives from an Italian sonnet about spring. ･ The work describes the specific images from the poem (birds, brooks, storm). ･ The movement is unified by a recurring ritornello (representing "Spring"). ritornello

3. Two kinds of concertos: solo concerto grosso

4. Spring is here and with it happiness. Birds welcome it with joyful singing And streams, stoked by gentle breezes, Flow with a sweet murmur. The sky is covered with dark clouds And lightning and thunder are heard. But when the storm has gone, the birds Return to fill the air with their singing. --From the sonnet for Vivaldi's "Spring"

5. A little Madness in the Spring Is wholesome even for the King. Emily Dickinson (1830 - 1886), No. 1333