1. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

2. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions
What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

3. Understand the functions of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

4. Functions of the digestive system
Mouth (buccal cavity)
What digestive system functions occur in the mouth? Breaks down food into smaller pieces…turns it into a bolus
*What is bolus?
*Food prepared by the mouth for swallowing
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

5. Functions of the digestive system
Tongue What is the digestive system function of the tongue? Moves food around in the mouth, and contains the taste buds
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

6. Functions of the digestive system
Teeth
Define mastication.
Chewing
How is the tooth’s shape related to its function?
Incisors-sharp edges for biting.
Cuspids (canines)-pointed for tearing.
Bicuspids-broad with 2 ridges for grinding food.
Molars-ridges for crushing and grinding.
*The teeth and tongue start the PHYSICAL breakdown of food

7. Functions of the digestive system
*Salivary glands
What is the function of the salivary glands?
*Secrete saliva, watery fluid in the mouth and digestive enzymes such Ptyalin (enzyme that initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates)
*What chemical action takes place in the mouth as a result?
*CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF FOOD

8. Functions of the digestive system
What are the functions of these oral cavity structures?
Palate-separates mouth from nasopharynx
Uvula-prevents food from entering the nasal cavity when swallowing.
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

9. Functions of the digestive system
Pharynx
What does the pharynx do?
Passage way for food from the mouth to the esophagus
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

10. Functions of the digestive system
Esophagus
What does the esophagus do?
Moves food from pharynx to the stomach
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

11. Functions of the digestive system
Stomach
What are the functions of the stomach? Churns food to continue the breakdown
What chemicals are released there? Acids and enzymes
How long does it take for the stomach to empty?
2-4 hours

12. Functions of the digestive system
Gastric juices
Enteroendocrine glands
Gastrin, produces hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Parietal cells
HCL and intrinsic factor, destroys bacteria
Chief type cells
Pepsinogen, breaks down protein
Mucus cells
alkaline mucus, neutralizes hydrocholoric acid
Rennin-found only in infants and children, prepares milk for digestion.
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

13. Functions of the digestive system
*Small Intestine
*What digestive process occurs here? After digestion of carbs, fats, and proteins is completed, the ABSORPTION of nutrients occurs in the small intestines
What are villi? Tiny projections that absorb the the digested food and send it to the bloodstream and lacteals
What is the relevance to your health?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

14. Functions of the digestive system
Pancreas (also endocrine organ)
What digestive enzymes are secreted by the pancreas? Pancreatic juice
What is there function? help to digest proteins and fats, control blood sugar levels by producing insulin
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

15. Functions of the digestive system
*Liver
What are the functions of the liver? Helps maintain blood sugar levels, filters out and destroys old RBC’s, produces bile, stores vitamins (K, A, D, E, B12), produces prothrombin, filters out harmful substances (alcohol, drugs, etc.)
What is the function?
*Bile-aides in digestion of fat
glycogen
What vitamin is produced by the liver? Vitamin A
Why is it important? Healthy skin, night vision, repair of tissue

16. Functions of the digestive system
Gallbladder
What is the function of the gallbladder? Stores bile
Why is this function important? Bile breaks down fat
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

17. Functions of the digestive system
*Large intestine
What are the functions of the large intestines? Absorbs water and salts, bacterial action (E.coli), fecal formation, gas formation, *elimination/defacation of waste
What is its relevance to health?
What type of diet promotes colon health? High fiber
What is chyme?
What is the semi-solid liquid secreted
from the ileum through the ileoceccal valve
called that enters the large intestine?

18. Understand the functions of the digestive system
Discus the processes of digestion and their relevance to health.
Chemical
Physical
Absorption
Elimination
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

19. Functions of the digestive system
News Flash... New treatment!!!!
Fecal transplant
Allows the bacteria from the healthy stool to repopulate the gut of the patient who has lost healthy bacteria in their gut
Used to treat Clostridium difficile that grows in human intestines
Symptoms range from persistent diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon to death
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

20. Functions of the digestive system
Potty Trivia...
What can healthcare professionals learn from observing stool specimens?
On average, how much flatus does a person produce per day?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

21. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
Act of Digestion
Discuss each action of the digestive system…
Ingestion
Mastication
Digestion
Secretion
Absorption
Excretion
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

22. Functions of the digestive system
Check your knowledge…
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

23. Disorders of the digestive system
Anorexia
Decreased or poor appetite
*Anorexia nervosa
*Eating disorder characterized by REFUSAL to eat
*Psychiatric disorder; poor self-image VS
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

24. Disorders of the digestive system
*Bulimia nervosa
*Binge eating then purging by vomiting or use of laxatives; caused by a poor self image and fear of getting fat.
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

25. Disorders of the digestive system
*Obesity-excessive amount of body fat; increases risk for health problems
*Causes: lack of exercise, over-eating or unhealthy eating habits, some medical conditions
Body mass index (BMI) helps to determine amount of body fat based on height and weight
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

26. Disorders of the digestive system
Caries
What is another name for caries?
What are caries?
Can you identify
preventive measures?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

27. Disorders of the digestive system
Cholecystitis
What is cholecystitis? Inflammation of the gallbladder
What are the symptoms?
How is it treated?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

28. Disorders of the digestive system
*Cholelithiasis
What is cholelithiasis? *Stones in the gallbladder (gallstones)
*Symptoms Abdominal pain/nausea after eating a diet high in fat; pain may also occur in middle of back and shoulders
How is it treated? Cholecystectomy-surgical removal of the gallbladder
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

29. Disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate
What is cleft palate?
What is its impact on health?
Who have this condition?
What specialist(s) should be
consulted to correct a cleft palates?
Dentists, Plastic surgeons,
Otolaryngologists
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

30. Disorders of the digestive system
*Cirrhosis
What is cirrhosis? Chronic inflammatory disease of the liver; normal tissue is replaced with fibrous tissue
What are the symptoms?
Exhaustion, fatigue, nausea, weakness, weight loss, itchy skin, abdominal pain, edema, ascites (fluid in the abdomen), jaundice
*Excessive alcohol comsumption, abuse of Tylenol is the #1 cause of cirrhosis

31. Disorders of the digestive disorders
Diarrhea
Define diarrhea.
What causes it?
What are the effects on your health?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

32. Disorders of the digestive system
Constipation
What is CONSTIPATION?
What are some causes?
What is OBSTIPATION? Severe constipation caused by a intestinal blockage.
How can constipation
be prevented?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

33. Disorders of the digestive disorders
*Gastroenteritis What is gastroenteritis? *Inflammation of the stomach and intestines What causes it? virus *Symptoms: abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever *Prevention: Good handwashing!

34. Disorders of the digestive system
*Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-cardiac sphincter becomes weak or relaxes allowing stomach contents to flow into the esophagus
*Symptoms: epigastric pain/burning when lying flat, difficulty swallowing, cough, hoarseness
What are some common causes of GERD? Smoking, alcohol, medications, obesity, diet, eating habits, etc.
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

35. Disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis
Acute
Chronic
Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
What are some common symptoms of hepatitis? Fever, nausea, anorexia, jaundice
Which hepatitis virus has a vaccine?

36. Disorders of the digestive system
~Hepatitis-viral inflammation of the liver ~*Hepatitis A-often spread by contaminated food and/or water. ~*Hepatitis B-found only in the blood and transmitted by blood or bodily fluids of infected person; a VACCINE is available ~Hepatitis C-the biggest cause is IV drug use ~Hepatitis D-coexists with Hep B ~Hepatitis E-transmitted through intestinal excretions
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system 36

37. Disorders of the digestive system
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Define irritable bowel syndrome. Chronic diarrhea alternating with periods of constipation; unknown cause
Discuss how will treatments relate to:
Lifestyle
Diet
Medication
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

38. Disorders of the digestive system
Inflammatory bowel disease
*Crohn’s Disease-an AUTOIMMUNE disease that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract and affects every layer of the affected area.
*Ulcerative Colitis-an AUTOIMMUNE disease of the colon and rectum.
Symptoms: chronic diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, blood in stool, weight loss, fatigue
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

39. Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcer
What is a peptic ulcer? Sore that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Causes: Most are caused by infection with H. pylori, some are caused by anti-inflammatory meds
Treatment: Histamine blockers, lifestyle changes
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

40. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Healthy dietary habits help maintain homeostasis of body systems
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

41. Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
*Carbohydrates provide energy (Ex: eating spaghetti, pancakes before a track or swim meet for a burst of energy)
*Protein helps tissue to heal (Ex: a burn patient will need a high protein diet)
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

42. *Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
Vitamins
Fat soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, K
(Vitamins A, D and B are stored in the liver)
Water soluble
Vitamins C, B
Electrolytes
*Calcium-bones, teeth, nervous system, aides with blood clotting
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
What roles do electrolytes
and vitamins play in
the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system

43. 2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system Essential questions
What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of the digestive system