1. Alcohol Chemistry Uses: Alcoholic drinks (ethanol) Alcoholic drinks (ethanol) Solvents Solvents Fuels Fuels

2. Introduction Are a family of organic compounds containing the –OH (hydroxyl) functional group Are a family of organic compounds containing the –OH (hydroxyl) functional group Draw the FSF and write molecular formulae for: 1.Methanol 2.2-methylpropan-1-ol 3.2-methylbutan-2-ol

3. Naming practice heptan - - ol43 - ethyl, 4 - methyl

4. A homologous series A family of compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and a graduation in physical properties A family of compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties and a graduation in physical properties ALCOHOL: Any compound containing the -OH group ALKanols: Subset based on alkanes

5. Alcohol The chemical name for alcohol is ETHANOL: The chemical name for alcohol is ETHANOL: Ethanol is NOT a carbohydrate. Ethanol is NOT a carbohydrate. Alcoholic drinks are made by fermenting sugar (glucose): Alcoholic drinks are made by fermenting sugar (glucose):DrinkCarbohydrate % alcohol BeerBarley 3 - 6 CiderApples 7 – 10 WineGrapes 10 – 14 WhiskyBarley 35 – 45 VodkaPotatoes 35 - 45

6. Fermentation Alcohol is made from sugar Alcohol is made from sugar The process is called FERMENTATION: The process is called FERMENTATION: An ENZYME is needed to make this reaction happen - Zymase An ENZYME is needed to make this reaction happen - Zymase YEAST (a living organism) contains the enzyme which is needed YEAST (a living organism) contains the enzyme which is needed Glucose Alcohol + Carbon dioxide

7. Making Ethanol (C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n starch Enzyme maltase in yeast C 6 H 12 O 6 glucose Enzyme zymase in yeast C 2 H 5 OH + CO 2 ethanol C 12 H 22 O 11 maltose Enzymes released during germination FERMENTATION

8. Practical Burning £5 note Burning £5 note

9. Practical demo Alcohol Rocket Alcohol Rocket Collect a copy of “That’s the Limit” booklet

10. That’s the Limit 1 How much beer contains the equivalent alcohol to one glass of wine? How much beer contains the equivalent alcohol to one glass of wine? How much beer contains the equivalent alcohol to a single whiskey? How much beer contains the equivalent alcohol to a single whiskey? Pint for pint, which contains more alcohol, beer or cider? Pint for pint, which contains more alcohol, beer or cider? What are the recommended weekly units of drink for men and women? What are the recommended weekly units of drink for men and women? Which organ is chiefly responsible for removing alcohol from the body? Which organ is chiefly responsible for removing alcohol from the body? List 3 factors which affect how you are affected by alcohol. List 3 factors which affect how you are affected by alcohol.

11. That’s the Limit 2 How long would it take your body to remove the alcohol consumed by 4 pints of beer? How long would it take your body to remove the alcohol consumed by 4 pints of beer? What is the legal driving limit in terms of units of alcohol? What is the legal driving limit in terms of units of alcohol? If you started drinking at 8pm, and consumed on average 2 pints every hour until 12pm, how long would it take you to be below the legal limit for driving? If you started drinking at 8pm, and consumed on average 2 pints every hour until 12pm, how long would it take you to be below the legal limit for driving? Explain what causes a hang-over. Explain what causes a hang-over. State 3 long-term effects of excessive alcohol consumption. State 3 long-term effects of excessive alcohol consumption.

12. Alcoholic Drinks DrinkCarbohydrate % alcohol BeerBarley 3 - 6 CiderApples 7 – 10 WineGrapes 10 – 14 WhiskyBarley 35 – 45 VodkaPotatoes 35 - 45 At alcohol concentrations above 15 %, the yeast are poisoned and the enzymes do not work. Fermentation therefore stops.

13. Distillation To produce drinks with a high alcohol concentration, DISTILLATION must be carried out. To produce drinks with a high alcohol concentration, DISTILLATION must be carried out.

14. Alternative method? Fermentation is too expensive to produce ethanol on an industrial scale Fermentation is too expensive to produce ethanol on an industrial scale Catalytic hydration of ethene is method used Catalytic hydration of ethene is method used Ethene + water Ethanol H 3 PO 4 catalyst 300 o C & 70 atmospheres C 2 H 4 + H 2 O C 2 H 5 OH +

15. The reverse process This is called DEHYDRATION

16. Chemistry of dehydration water + EthanolEthene + NAME?

17. Practice Draw the FSF for the product(s) of hydration of the following alkenes: Draw the FSF for the product(s) of hydration of the following alkenes: 3-methylpent-1-ene 3-methylpent-1-ene 2-methylbut-1-ene 2-methylbut-1-ene 2-methylbut-2-ene 2-methylbut-2-ene Which of the following compounds will produce isomers on dehydration? Which of the following compounds will produce isomers on dehydration? Hexan-3-ol Hexan-3-ol Heptan-3-ol Heptan-3-ol 2-methylbutan-1-ol 2-methylbutan-1-ol