1. Understanding drugs & medicines

2. Chapter 9.1 Key Terms
Drug- any substance that causes a change in a person’s physical or psychological state
Medicine- any drug used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort
Side effect- an effect that is caused by a drug & that is different from the drug’s intended effect
Prescription- written order from a doctor for a specific medicine
Over the counter medicine- any medicine that can be bought without a prescription

3. 3 qualities of a medicine
Effectiveness
Safety- when used as directed
Minor side effects

4. Drugs of Abuse
Drugs that people take for mind-altering effects that have no medical purpose
Ex. – Cocaine, alcohol, marijuana

5. Types of medicines Antibiotic- kills bacteria to help cure infections
Stimulant- increases alertness; helps people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to focus their attention
Anti-anxiety- helps people who are excessively nervous or panicked to calm down
Vaccine- Prevents infections in people exposed to the infectious agent
Sedative- causes sleepiness

6. 6 ways drugs enter the body
Implanted pumps- surgically implanted pumps that inject drugs into specific part of the body
Inhalation- inhaled into the lungs
Injection- needle
Transdermal patches- patches placed on skin
Ingestion- swallowed
Topical application- lotions absorbed through the skin

7. Chapter 9.2 Key Terms
Psychoactive- a drug or medicine that affects the brain & changes how a person perceives, thinks, or feels
Generic medicine- medicine made by a company other that the company that developed the original medicine
Active ingredient- chemical component that gives a medicine its action
Drug interaction- when a drug reacts with another drug, food, or dietary supplement such that the effect of one of the substances is greater or smaller

8. Testing a drug
Laboratory tests- chemical tests or tests on cell cultures
Tests on animals
Human volunteers
Clinical trials
(FDA) Food & Drug Administration- approval or rejection

9. Information on a prescription
Dose (how much of the medicine should be taken)
When you should take the medicine
How often you should take the medicine
Length of time you should take the medicine

10. Misuse v/s Abuse of Prescription Medicines
Misuse- using a prescription medication that does not have your name on it
May not have the same illness
Strength of medicine may be more or less than you need
Abuse- taking medicine when it is not needed, taking too much medicine, or mixing more than one kind of medicine

11. Choosing an Over the counter (OTC) medicine
Decide what kind of OTC will work for you
Decide whether you want generic or a brand-name medicine
Read the label

12. Possible problems with medicines
Allergic reactions
Anaphylactic shock
Side effects
Aspirin, ibuprofen- damage to the lining of the stomach (ulcers)
Drug Interactions

13. Anaphylactic Shock symptoms
Itching all over the body
Swelling, especially in the mouth or throat
Wheezing or difficulty in breathing
A pounding heart
Fainting & unconsciousness

14. Chapter 9.3 Key Terms
Addiction- condition in which a person can no longer control his or her drug use
Drug Tolerance- condition in which a user needs more of a drug to feel the same effect felt when first using the drug
Physical Dependence- state in which the body relies on a given drug in order to function
Psychological Dependence- state of emotionally or mentally needing a drug in order to function
Withdrawal- uncomfortable physical & psychological symptoms produced when a physically dependent drug user stops using drugs

15. Drugs & the brain Neurons- brain is made up of billions of nerve cells
Synapses- connections between neurons
Drugs can change the way neurons communicate with each other

16. Brain Reward System Reinforces healthy behaviors
Releases the neurotransmitter dopamine that lets us feel pleasure

17. Behavioral warning signs of addiction
Loss of interest at school
Change of appearance
Change of friends
Unexplained mood swings
Absences from school
Dramatic change in eating habits
Excessive lying
Unexplained need for money

18. Stages of Drug Addiction
Drug use- drug use activates the brain reward system (pleasure system)
Tolerance- needs more of the drug to produce the same effect
Dependence- experiences uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms if he or she tries to stop using the drug
Addiction- lost control of his or her drug taking habit

19. Illegal drugs

20. Chapter 12.1 Key Terms
Drug Abuse- intentional improper or unsafe use of a drug
Overdose- the taking of too much of a drug which causes sickness, loss of consciousness, permanent damage, or even death

21. Reasons illegal drug use is very dangerous
Permanent effects on the brain & body
Become addicted
Factor in many suicides, motor vehicle accidents, & crimes
Sharing needles- risk of catching Hepatitis B & HIV
Overdose
Risky sexual behavior (STDs)

22. Teen addiction
Teens have a higher risk of addiction to drugs than adults do
Risk of addiction is higher because young brains are still developing- can alter brain development

23. Teen Substance Abuse

24. Chapter 12.2 Key Terms
Marijuana- dried flowers and leaves of the plant Cannabis sativa that are smoked or mixed in food & eaten for intoxicating effects
Inhalant- drug inhaled as a vapor
Club (Designer) drug- drug made to closely resemble a common illegal drug in chemical structure & effect
Anabolic Steroid- synthetic version of the male hormone testosterone that is used to promote muscle development

25. 3 things illegal drugs have in common
Affect the function of the brain
Dangerous to your health
Can result in drug dependence & addiction

26. 4 commonly abused illegal drugs
Marijuana
Inhalants
Club drugs
Anabolic steroids

27. Marijuana Intoxicating effects Relaxation Loss of short-term memory
Loss of balance & coordination
Increased appetite
Possible health consequences
Respiratory infection
Impaired learning & memory
Panic attacks
Cancer
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28. Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug
THC- active chemical in marijuana
Contains many of the same carcinogens found in cigarette smoke
After effects wear off users feel:
-Tired, unmotivated, depressed
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29. Inhalants Effects Glue, paint thinner, propane, nitrous oxide
Dizziness
Nausea & vomiting
Headache
Health consequences
Heart attack
Liver, kidney damage
Brain damage
Coma
Death
Glue, paint thinner, propane, nitrous oxide
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30. Club (Designer) drugs
Ecstacy
GHB
PCP (Angel Dust)

31. Ecstacy Most commonly abused club drug
Intoxication Effects
Increased awareness of senses
Mild hallucinations
Increased energy
Loss of judgment
Health Consequences
Impaired learning & memory
Hyperthermia (overheating)
High blood pressure
Heart attack
Death

32. Look alike drugs
Abused substances that are only slightly different from other, better-known drugs

33. Date Rape Drugs GHB, Rohypnol Intoxication effects Relaxation Nausea
Loss of inhibitions
Euphoria
Health consequences
Dangerously slowed breathing
Seizures
Coma

34. Anabolic Steroids Male side effects Stunted Growth Aggression
Severe acne
Shrinking of testes
Heart disease
Female side effects
Increased facial hair
Deeper voice
Rapid weight gain

35. 12.3 Key Terms
Stimulant- drug that temporarily increases a person’s energy & alertness
Depressant- drug that causes relaxation & sleepiness
Opiates- group of highly addictive drugs derived from the poppy plant that are used as pain relievers, anesthetics, & sedatives
Hallucinogens- drug that distorts perceptions, causing the user to see or hear things that are not real

36. Stimulants
Types
Cocaine, crack cocaine, amphetamines, and methamphetamines
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37. Stimulants
Intoxication effects
Produce increased heart rate/ breathing rate/ energy/ alertness, elevated blood pressure, loss of appetite, and increased mental activity, euphoria, hyperactivity, restlessness, anxiety
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38. Depressants
Used illegally to produce intoxication, to counter the effects of other drugs,...
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39. Depressants 1) Rohypnol, 2) DXM
1) Date rape drug 2) Ingredient in cough medicines
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40. Depressants Intoxicating effects Euphoria Reduced anxiety
Loss of inhibitions
Drowsiness

41. Opiates
Narcotics
Street use of these drugs is intended to induce pleasure…
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42. Types of Opiates Narcotics types Opium, heroin, morphine, codeine
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43. Opiates Intoxicating effects
Narcotics
…euphoria, relaxation, drowsiness, pain relief, general feelings of well-being
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44. Hallucinogens
Street use is intended to produce “mind expansion,” hallucinations, and psychedelic experiences

45. Hallucinogens
LSD
Mushrooms
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46. Hallucinogens Intoxication Effects Sensory illusions
Distortions of reality
Dizziness
Weakness
Enhanced emotions
Feelings of being outside of the body

47. Flashback
Person may feel the effects of a hallucinogen long after the drug has worn off
Days, weeks, or even months after use

48. Gateway drugs Drugs that often lead to abuse of other drugs
Common gateway drugs:
- Alcohol, tobacco,
marijuana, inhalants

49. Chapter 12.4 Key Terms
Neonatal abstinence syndrome- drug withdrawal that occurs in newborn infants whose mothers were frequent drug users during pregnancy
Recovering- process of learning to live without drugs
Intervention- confronting a drug user about his or her drug abuse problem to stop him or her from using drugs
Relapse- return to using drugs while trying to recover from drug addiction