1. 8 th Grade Health Chapter 14 Drugs

2. Drugs Drug – A substance other than food that changes the structure or function of the body or mind – All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicines. Drug misuse – Taking or using medicine in a way that is not intended – Drug misuse can happen with prescription medicines and over-the-counter medicines. Tolerance – A condition in which a person’s body becomes used to the effect of a medicine and needs greater and greater amounts of it in order for it to be effective

3. Types of Medicines Prescription medicines Medicines that can be sold only with a written order from a physician Categories of Medicines Prescription medicinesOver-the-counter medicines Medicines that are safe enough to be taken without a written order from a physician

4. Drug Misuse Using a drug without following the instructions on the label Using a drug not prescribed for you Allowing someone else to use a drug prescribed for you Taking more of the drug than the doctor prescribed Using the drug longer than advised by the doctor What is drug misuse?

5. Side Effects Side effect – Any effect of a medicine other than the one intended – Even when taken correctly, some medicines will cause a side effect. Common Side Effects Stomach upset DrowsinessSleeplessnessHeadache

6. Drug Abuse Using illegal drugs Using legal drugs for non-medical reasons Using a medication for something other than its intended use What is drug abuse? Drug abuse Intentionally using drugs in a way that is unhealthy or illegal

7. Drug Abuse Drug abuse affects all three sides of your health triangle. Physical Health sleepiness, irritability, heart failure, stroke Mental/Emotional HealthSocial Health interference with brain functions, depression, anxiety, difficulty concentrating withdrawing from family and friends, loss of interest in school and other activities

8. Addiction Regular drug use Tolerance Addiction Physical or psychological need for a drug. Drug addiction, like alcoholism, is a disease. Treatment options exist that can help users overcome their addiction

9. Assignment 1 1.Compare the differences between drug misuse and drug abuse? 2.Hypothesize what you might you say to persuade a friend not to take medicine that has not been prescribed to him or her?

10. What Is Marijuana? Marijuana – Dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant, called cannabis sativa – Marijuana is commonly called pot or weed. THC – The main active chemical in marijuana – THC alters the way the brain processes sensory information. It is impossible to note that other harmful substances may be mixed in with marijuana.

11. What Are Marijuana’s Effects? Short-term Effects Reduced reaction time Reduced coordination Impaired judgment Increased heart rate Increased appetite Anxiety Panic attacks

12. What Are Marijuana’s Effects? Long-term Effects Lung diseases, including cancer Changes to the region of the brain that processes information Depression Anxiety Personality disturbances Loss of motivation, causing the user to fall behind in school Problems with friends and family members

13. What Are Marijuana’s Effects? Safety Risks Risk of getting arrested Users may say or do things that could get them into trouble Impaired reaction time and coordination make driving dangerous Impaired judgment can lead to risky behaviors Drinking alcohol Engaging in sexual activity, leading to a risk of sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancy

14. What Are Marijuana’s Effects? Frequent users can develop a tolerance Developing a tolerance often leads to physical dependency Each year more than 12,000 people seek treatment for addiction to marijuana

15. What Are Club Drugs? – Club drugs take their names from dance clubs or raves where they are often used. – Some people falsely believe that club drugs are safe to use. The harmful effects of club drugs include: – Hallucinations – Paranoia – Amnesia Partial or total loss of memory When club drugs are mixed with alcohol, the effects of both substances are increased.

16. Effects of Taking Ecstasy Ecstasy Increased heart rate Nausea Anxiety Elevated blood pressure Dizziness Chills Sweating Increased sense of confidence Feelings of well-being Loss of appetite Ecstasy The scientific name for ecstasy is MDMA. Ecstasy speeds up the central nervous system, making a person feel very alert, or “hyper.”

17. Date Rape Drugs GBH – Is a depressant of the central nervous system. – Until 1992, GBH was available as an over-the-counter drug used by bodybuilders to increase muscle mass and decrease fat. Ketamine, sometimes called Special K – Is an anesthetic used in medical procedures for humans and animals. – A small amount of Ketamine produces hallucinations, memory loss, and severe breathing problems–even respiratory failure.

18. Date Rape Drugs Rohypnol, commonly called roofie, is a club drug that works by suppressing the central nervous system. Characteristics of Rohypnol Odorless Colorless Has no taste Easily slipped into a person’s drink The unwilling user is unaware of what is happening Produces amnesia

19. Anabolic Steroids Anabolic steroids – Synthetic substances related to the male sex hormones – Physicians sometimes prescribe anabolic steroids to treat growth problems, lung diseases, and skin conditions. – Steroids are most often abused by people who want to enhance their athletic abilities.

20. Anabolic Steroids Major Side Effects Liver tumors Cancer Jaundice High blood pressure Kidney tumors Severe acne Trembling

21. Anabolic Steroids Side Effects in MalesSide Effects in Females Shrinking of the testiclesGrowth of facial hair Breast developmentMenstrual changes Deepened voice In NIDA’s 2004 Monitoring the Future study, 3.4% of high school seniors reported using steroids at least once. Source: NIDA Infofacts: High School and Youth Trends.

22. Teens and Steroid Use Steroid use can have a negative effect on your appearance. Steroid use can cause a person to become angry or violent. Steroid use can cause a hormonal imbalance, which can interfere with the normal development of teens.

23. Assignment 2 1.Recall: What are 3 negative consequences of using anabolic steroids? 2.Explain two long-term effects of marijuana use? 3.Analyze your thoughts on steroid abuse and how they can/do affect competitive sports?

24. More Drug Types Narcotics – Specific drugs that are obtainable only by prescription and are used to relieve pain Opium – A liquid from the poppy plant containing substances that numb the body Stimulants – Drugs that speed up activity in the human brain and spinal cord Stimulants cause the heart to beat faster and cause blood pressure and metabolism to rise. Amphetamine – A drug that stimulates the central nervous system Amphetamines are highly addictive. Using large amounts of amphetamines can result in aggressive behavior, extreme weight loss, and loss of physical strength.

25. More Drug Types Cont. CNS depressants – Substances that slow down normal brain function CNS depressants are sometimes called sedatives or tranquilizers. Hallucinogens – Drugs that distort moods, thoughts, and senses Some hallucinogens are made from natural substances, some are manufactured. Inhalant – Any substance whose fumes are sniffed and inhaled to produce mind-altering sensations Inhalants are not meant to be put into the human body.

26. Heroin Characteristics of Heroin Made of morphine, a narcotic Most often inhaled or injected intravenously Users develop a psychological and physical dependence Tolerance leads to a need for ever-increasing doses Quitting is very difficult Quitting results in painful withdrawal symptoms

27. OxyContin Characteristics of OxyContin Available through a doctor’s prescription Controls severe pain in patients with cancer, back pain, or arthritis Abuse leads to tolerance, which leads to physical addiction Withdrawal symptoms are similar to other narcotics

28. Narcotics and Addiction Withdrawal symptoms can be unbearable. Withdrawal symptoms Symptoms that occur after chronic use of a drug is reduced or stopped Withdrawal Symptoms Pain in musclesPain in bonesSleeplessness DiarrheaAgitationVomiting

29. Cocaine Characteristics of Cocaine Illegal stimulant derived from the coca plant Sold as a fine white powder Often mixed with water and injected into the body intravenously Can also be smoked or snorted up the nose One of the most addictive drugs on the street today

30. Crack Crack is created when cocaine is heated and processed with baking soda and water. Crack is extremely addictive and dangerous.

31. Methamphetamine Characteristics of Methamphetamine Highly addictive stimulant drug, affects the central nervous system Becoming an epidemic in the United States Produced in illegal laboratories Effects are similar to cocaine Also known as “meth”

32. Methamphetamine Effects of Methamphetamine Initial feelings of confidence and energy Tendency on the part of users to binge Users may go days without food or sleep Users find it impossible to feel any pleasure without the drug Unpredictable behavior

33. Effects of Stimulants SubstanceHarmful Effects Amphetamine Uneven heartbeat, rise in blood pressure, physical collapse, stroke, heart attack, and death Methamphetamine Memory loss, damage to heart and nervous system, seizures, and death Cocaine Damage to nose lining and liver; heart attack, seizures, stroke, and death Crack Damage to lungs if smoked, seizures, heart attack, and death

34. What Are Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants? Two Commonly Prescribed CNS Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Prescribed for the treatment of anxiety or tension, or for people with sleep disorders. Prescribed for patients with more serious anxiety and panic attacks.

35. Effects of Depressants SubstanceHarmful Effects Tranquilizer Anxiety; reduced coordination and attention span. Withdrawal can cause tremors and lead to coma or death. Barbiturate Causes mood changes and excessive sleep. Can lead to coma. Hypnotic Impaired coordination and judgment. High doses may cause internal bleeding, coma, or death.

36. How Do Hallucinogens Affect the User? Hallucinogens affect how a user perceives the passage of time, sees colors, senses motion, or hears sound. Hallucinogens interfere with a person’s thought process and ability to communicate.

37. Effects of Hallucinogens SubstanceHarmful Effects PCP Loss of coordination; increase heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature; convulsions; heart and lung failure; broken blood vessels; bizarre or violent behavior; temporary psychosis; false feeling of having super powers. LSD Increased blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature; chills, nausea, tremors, and sleeplessness; unpredictable behavior; flash- backs; false feeling of having super powers.

38. Inhalants PaintVegetable cooking sprays Air freshenersLighter fluid Markers and pensCorrection fluid Hair sprays Inhalants

39. What Damage Do Inhalants Cause? Abusing inhalants can damage the protective coating that surrounds brain cells, called myelin. Permanent effects can include an impaired ability to walk, talk, or think. Even a first-time experiment with inhalants can result in death from choking, suffocation, or heart attack.

40. Warning Signs of Inhalant Abuse Eyes that are red or runny. Sores or spots near the mouth. Breath that smells strange or like chemicals. Holding a marker or pen near the nose.

41. Assignment 3 1.Evaluate the physical and psychological effects that can cause a person to become addicted to a drug. 1.Analyze: Why do you think inhalant abuse might be a serious problem among 12- to 14- year-olds?

42. Getting Help The first step in getting help for drug abuse is for the user to admit that he or she has a problem. Although some effects of drug abuse are permanent, drug addiction is treatable.

43. Symptoms of Drug Use Recognizing When Someone Needs Help Tolerance Craving A person needs increasingly larger amounts of drugs to get high. A person feels a strong need, desire, or urge to use drugs and uses a drug despite negative consequences.

44. Symptoms of Drug Use Recognizing When Someone Needs Help Loss of Control Physical Dependence or Withdrawal Symptoms A person takes more drugs than he or she meant to, or uses drugs at a time or place he or she had not planned. When drug use is stopped, a person may experience withdrawal symptoms from a physical need for the substance.

45. Getting Help Detoxification – The physical process of freeing the body of an addictive substance Some hospitals and treatment centers have detoxification units for people going through withdrawal. Counseling – Provides an opportunity to openly share thoughts and feelings with a trained expert.

46. Drug Treatment Options Inpatient treatment Residential programs Partial hospitalization or day treatment Outpatient and intensive outpatient programs Intensive outpatient treatment

47. Support Groups A support group is a group of people who work together to help one another stay drug free. Common Support Groups Narcotics Anonymous Cocaine Anonymous Nar-Anon

48. Choosing to be Drug Free Choosing to be drug free is one of the most important decisions you can make. Drug free A characteristic of a person not taking illegal drugs or of a place where no illegal drugs are used Resisting negative peer pressure is difficult, but it is much harder stopping drug use once it has started.

49. Refusing Drugs Use the S.T.O.P. strategy when you are approached by someone pressuring you to use drugs. S T O P Say no in a firm voice. Tell why not. Offer alternative ideas or activities. Promptly leave. Refusal skills help you resist negative peer pressure without feeling guilty or uncomfortable.

50. Refusing Drugs Choose friends who are also drug free. Avoid places where you know drugs will be present. Always look for healthful ways to deal with problems you are facing.

51. The Benefits of Staying Drug Free You will not be breaking the law. You will have better concentration and memory. You will have more natural energy. You will be able to focus on improving your talents. You will look better. You will have better control of your feelings and actions. You will not regret foolish actions caused by impaired judgment. You will not waste money on drugs. You will have better relationships with your family and friends. You will respect yourself for taking care of your body and mind.

52. Positive Alternatives to Drug Use Begin a regular physical fitness routine. Volunteer to help someone in your school or community. Join a school club or organize a new one. Take part in a drug-free event. Bring a friend. Write down your thoughts, or express yourself through art. Balance enough physical activity with enough rest. Form friendships with people who are drug free.

53. Assignment 4 1.Analyze Why do you think there are so many different drug treatment options available? 1.Hypothesize what you might say if you were talking with a friend who is thinking about experimenting with drugs. What might you say to encourage him or her to stay drug free?