1. Release and Distribution of Cultivars

2. Decision Making Process Breeder summarizes data from yield tests and quality evaluations Requests a meeting of the Seed Commodity Committee Presents data to the committee and recommends release Committee votes on recommendation If approved, submit to the Dean

3. The Breeder’s role Let the data tell you what to do Don’t let your heart overrule your head! Experiment Station Guidelines are clear: –Minimum of 3 yr testing at multiple locations –Quality analyses –Must be able to demonstrate superiority –Multi - state data desirable Over and above that, will the growers want it?

4. Testing and Release of Allegiance Wheat Entered in PTs, ATs, ETs and Ultra trials in 1996-1999 Entered in state variety trial 2000 - 2002 (9 locations x 3 years) Entered in USDA Uniform Eastern Wheat Nursery 2001-2002 (28 locations x 2 years) Grain sent for milling and baking evaluation for > 4 yr

5. Decision to Release Allegiance Based on 3 yr average in state variety trial Allegiance was at the top Excellent yield stability Acceptable test weight, quality In irrigated scab nurseries, Allegiance had shown some resistance

6. Seed Increase Seed quantities Must work with Foundation Seed program Seed needs will depend on equipment of foundation seed program and growers

7. Example: Allegiance wheat KY90C-054-6: original cross was made in 1990 1999: Several hundred headrows grown and off- types discarded. Keepers harvested in bulk 2000: Increase strips planted and rogued by Foundation seed crew; yield: 2 bu 2001: Increase field grown in Woodford. KY 2002: Increase grown in Christian Co. KY; yield 2000 bu

8. Private Companies Similar process Multi year testing Major difference between companies and land grant institutions is no. of locations After multi year, multi loc testing, agronomists and sales people get involved Breeders, agronomists, seed production people all participate in release decision

9. Distributing the Seed Private companies Big companies handle all aspects of seed production Usually have a group of seed producers they rely on Usually have their own internal quality control system

10. Distributing the Seed Public Institutions –USDA-ARS often work in conjunction with state experiment stations to release varieties –Seedstock increase and multiplication handled by the state Foundation seed program –If USDA is sole releasing agent, then the variety is released without any royalty

11. Distributing the Seed Public Institutions –State Land Grant Universities –Classical public varieties released non exclusively without royalty –Very rare these days –Most small seed companies want their own unique varieties to sell –If everyone has a public release, they don’t have a competitive edge

12. Distributing the Seed Exclusive releases Variety may be released to a closed set of seed producers; e.g., Johnstone tall fescue Variety may be released to a single company; e.g., Foster wheat, Allegiance wheat Royalties are always charged with exclusive releases

13. Distributing the Seed Exclusive releases and royalties Typical royalty is one cent per pound of seed Seed is sold in 50 lb units, so that means $0.50 / bag of seed sold Example: variety grown on 50,000 acres will require approximately 100,000 bags of seed which will generate $50,000 in royalties

14. Distributing the Seed At UK, the royalties are returned to the PSS department and most of the funds are returned to the breeder’s program Plant breeding is an expensive activity, so this can be an important source of funding

15. Brown bagging Because wheat is a self pollinated crop, farmers can save their own seed Limits royalties as a revenue stream What really limits varieties is “brown bagging” To talk about brown bagging, we first have to talk about the Plant Variety Protection act

16. Plant Variety Protection The Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA), enacted in December of 1970, and amended in 1994, provides legal intellectual property rights protection, to developers of new varieties of plants that are sexually reproduced (by seed) or are tuber-propagated. Bacteria and fungi are excluded. The PVPA is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture.

17. Plant Variety Protection A Certificate of Protection is awarded to an owner of a variety after an examination shows that it is new, distinct from other varieties, and genetically uniform and stable through successive generations.The term of protection is 20 years for most crops and 25 years for trees, shrubs, and vines. The owner of a U.S. protected variety has exclusive rights to multiply and market the seed of that variety.

18. Plant Variety Protection Can choose the option whereby a variety can only be sold by cultivar name only as a class of certified seed A variety protected with this option cannot be “brand labeled” KY seed law does not permit brand labeling

19. Plant Variety Protection Or choose the option whereby a variety can only be sold with either certified or uncertified seed A variety protected with this option can be “brand labeled” IN, IL seed law does permit brand labeling

20. Plant Variety Protection This means that a variety can be released to many different seed companies under the “variety not stated” option In Indiana, for example the wheat breeding project will release a line to Ag Alumni. Multiple companies may bid on the line, receive rights to it, and sell it under their own name.

21. Back to Brownbagging If a variety is PVP’d then a grower may save enough seed for himself He may not save enough to sell to his neighbors Many growers will produce extra seed and then take it to be cleaned and treated and sold in a brown bag, pretending that they don’t know what variety it is

22. Back to Brownbagging This severely limits the window of opportunity that the company has to sell new seed of the variety This has prompted companies to plan on a time frame of about 3 years for a new variety If there was no brownbagging, this window would be wider.

23. Back to Brownbagging For years, companies did not prosecute violators Required that farmers report violations This has changed

24. LITTLE ROCK, Ark. - Anyone involved in the illegal selling of seed from protected varieties had best watch out. As promised, Arkansas attorneys Duff Nolan and Mark Henry are working with investigators to find perpetrators and recoup royalty fees for their clients. The penalty for being caught can be steep. During the second week of October, U.S. District Judge Susan Webber Wright signed a judgment regarding illegal seed sales made by an operation in east-central Arkansas. "We settled the case for $150,000," says Nolan. "The situation involved a farmer that had some wheat for sale illegally. The sale was consummated through the company and that allowed us to bring them into the suit and go through their records. After we created an audit model and made a close review of their records, it was determined there were several other incidences of illegal conduct with regard to Coker wheat varieties." Brownbagging Doesn’t Pay

25. In an effort to show compassion, says Nolan, the dealer was given two methods to satisfy the judgment. One is a complete cash settlement over two years. The second method is to pay $15,000 cash now and satisfy the remaining $135,000 by purchasing $550,000 worth of Syngenta products in the next two years. Brownbagging Doesn’t Pay

26. Seed Certification Most Ag Exp Stns have a seed certifying agency that is a member of AOSCA In KY, this is the Kentucky Seed Improvement Association Members of KSIA must be approved seed producers with a track record that demonstrates the ability to produce pure seed

27. KSIA Responsibilities Quality control Field Inspections –Varietal purity –Isolation –Weed, insect, disease conditions –Additional field information KSIA inspectors evaluate each field and based on their reports, the field is either accepted or rejected.

28. Classes of Seed Breeder Foundation Registered Certified - this is what is sold to farmers