1. 1 Training Session on Energy Equipment Monitoring Equipment Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia” www.energyefficiencyasia.org © UNEP 2006 Monitoring Equipment

2. 2 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

3. 3 © UNEP 2006 Monitoring Equipment: Introduction Monitoring Equipment Have you used any before? Why do we need them? Can we do without them? How accurate should they be? What properties should they posses?

4. 4 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments What Do They Do? Monitoring Equipment Measure electrical parameters: KVA, kW, power factor, Hertz, KVAr, Amps and Volts, harmonics Hand-held meters: instant measurements Advanced facilitates: cumulative readings with printouts at specified intervals

5. 5 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments What do they do? Monitoring Equipment The HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester measures: -Voltage -Current -Voltage/current peak -Effective / reactive / apparent power (single-phase or 3- phase) -Power factor -Reactivity -Phase angle -Frequency, -Phase detection(3-phase) -Voltage/current harmonic levels (up to 20th)

6. 6 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments These instruments are applied on- line to measure various electrical parameters Where are they used? Monitoring Equipment HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester www.hioki.co.jp

7. 7 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Three leads with crocodile clips: red, yellow and black (RYB) Used to measure voltage Need naked wires How to use them? Monitoring Equipment www.electricfence-online.co.uk/ishop/1047/shopscr91.html

8. 8 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Monitoring Equipment Clamp that can open and close Used to measure current Need insulated wire How to use them? HIOKI 3286-20 clamp on power hitester www.hioki.co.jp

9. 9 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Monitoring Equipment Only the combination of clamp and crocodile clips give other measurements Power Power factor Frequency Etc. How to use them?

10. 10 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Monitoring Equipment Measurements are taken at the junction or distribution box Electricity distribution to different equipment Live and neutral wires visible Insulated and naked wires available How to use them?

11. 11 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Monitoring Equipment Current measurement Live wire Neutral wire Clamp sensor Display

12. 12 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Monitoring Equipment Voltage measurement Live wire Neutral wire Display

13. 13 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Monitoring Equipment Measurement of all electrical parameters on 3-phase, 4-wire circuit

14. 14 © UNEP 2006 Electrical Measuring Instruments Never attach the clamp to a circuit operating > maximum rated voltage, or over bare conductors Connect clamp on probe to the secondary side of a breaker/fuse Use rubber hand gloves, boots, and safety helmet to avoid electrical shocks Consult the operation manual before using the equipment Precautions Monitoring Equipment

15. 15 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

16. 16 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Measures the products of combustion: CO CO2 NOx SOx O2 Fly ash, soot, others… What does it do? Monitoring Equipment

17. 17 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Measures the composition of flue gases after combustion in percentage Measure % oxygen or % CO2 in the flue gases. If one is measured, the other can most often be calculated Combustion efficiency can be calculated with an inbuilt programme What does it do? Monitoring Equipment

18. 18 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Fuel Efficiency Monitor Monitoring Equipment www.fuelefficiencyllc.com/ feinc1.jpg

19. 19 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Fyrite Monitoring Equipment omnicontrols.com/ lists/gifs/Bach5.gif

20. 20 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Monitoring Equipment Gas Analyzer Bacharach Fyrite® Pro Combustion Gas Analyzer www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif

21. 21 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Any equipment where combustion takes place: boilers, furnaces Measurements are taken in the duct Measurements are used to identify efficiency, leakages Where is it used? Monitoring Equipment

22. 22 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Monitoring Equipment How to use them: Gas Analyzer Probe Display screen www.apexinst.com/ assetsnew/Fyrite-pro.gif

23. 23 © UNEP 2006 Combustion Analyzer Always calibrate the instrument in open fresh air before taking measurements Check for clogging of the air filters Ensure that the rubber tubing carrying the gases to the instrument is not bended Plug the open space of monitoring hole with cotton rags Use gloves, goggles and safety helmet Consult the operating manual before use Precautions Monitoring Equipment

24. 24 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

25. 25 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Measure the differential pressure across two points Positive pressure Negative pressure (vacuum) The liquid-column manometer is the oldest type: a U-shaped tube half-full of liquid Liquid: oil, water, mercury A barometer is a manometer!! What does it do? Monitoring Equipment

26. 26 © UNEP 2006 Manometers What does it do - Principles Monitoring Equipment Source: Dwyer Instruments, www.dwyer-inst.com ab c hh

27. 27 © UNEP 2006 Manometers To measure pressure differential in air pipes, water pipes, gas pipes Of various equipment, mainly compressors, pumps, and draft systems Monitoring Equipment Where is it used?

28. 28 © UNEP 2006 Manometers 1)Single-limb Liquid-column Manometer 2)Flexible Membrane Manometer 3)Coiled Tube Manometer Monitoring Equipment How to operate them – main types of manometers

29. 29 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Flexible Membrane Manometer Monitoring Equipment How to use a manometer: air pipes and ducts Manometer

30. 30 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Monitoring Equipment How to use a manometer: air pipes and ducts Dwyer Series 477 – Handheld Digital Manometer, www.dwyer.co.kr Probes Display screen Turn on Select measurement unit Measured value appears on screen

31. 31 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Bournoulli equation to calculate velocity: Differential pressure = v 2 /2g, where Differential pressure: measured v = velocity g = gravity Velocity – air flow – efficiency fans/blowers etc Monitoring Equipment How to use a manometer: air pipes and ducts

32. 32 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Monitoring Equipment How to use a manometer: water pipes 10 m Water pipeline

33. 33 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Differential pressure = f Lv 2 /2gD, where Differential pressure: measured f = friction factor of pipe L = distance between two tappings V = velocity D = pipe diameter g = gravity Velocity – flow rate – efficiency of pump Monitoring Equipment How to use a manometer: water pipes

34. 34 © UNEP 2006 Manometers Monitoring Equipment Precautions Do not expose the manometer to very high pressures Always consult the operating manual before use

35. 35 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

36. 36 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Measures temperatures of any Fluid Surface Gas Two types: Contact: clinical and thermocouple Non-contact or infrared Monitoring Equipment What a thermometer does

37. 37 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Measure the temperature of for example: Ambient air Refrigeration plant incl. compressors and cooling towers: e.g. chilled water, air Boilers: surface, flue gases, steam pipes, feed water, condensate water Furnaces: surface, flue gas, cooling water Waste heat recovery: gas, water Where thermometers are used Monitoring Equipment

38. 38 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Measuring temperature of air, liquids and gases Generally not used for surfaces Where a Thermocouple is used Monitoring Equipment Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer

39. 39 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Turn on Insert probe Read temperature on display Wait 2 min for stable reading How to operate a Thermocouple Monitoring Equipment Type: AZ RS232, K, J, T thermometer

40. 40 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Any equipment where combustion takes place: boilers, furnaces Measurements are taken in the duct Measurements are used to identify efficiency, leakages Where is it used? Monitoring Equipment

41. 41 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Measure temperature of surfaces only Used for: Moving objects Contamination, voltage, electromagnetic field, vacuum Large distances/heights Too high temperatures for thermocouples Where a non-contact / infrared thermometer is used Monitoring Equipment

42. 42 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Turn on Point to surface Read on panel How to operate a non-contact / infrared thermometer Monitoring Equipment Hioki Non-contact Temperature Hi Tester, model 3415-01 www.tequipment.net

43. 43 © UNEP 2006 Thermometers Thermocouple: Immere probe in fluid/gas and only read measure after 1-2 minutes Note temperature range before you start Do not touch naked flame with the probe Infrared: Set the emissivity for the surface where temperature is measured Always consult the operating manual before use Precautions Monitoring Equipment

44. 44 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

45. 45 © UNEP 2006 Water Flow Meters Water meter: measures flow rate of a liquid or a gas Time of fill method: tank volume is divided by time to fill the tank Float method: distance ping pong ball traveled divided by travel time How water flow is measured Monitoring Equipment

46. 46 © UNEP 2006 Water Flow Meters Water flow rate is measured to determine the efficiency of Pumps Cooling towers Refrigeration / AC plant Heat exchangers Condensers Where a water flow is used Monitoring Equipment

47. 47 © UNEP 2006 Water Flow Meters Water flow meters used to measure water flow in open channels: Turbine flow meters Parallel wheels Positive displacement flow meters How to operate water flow meters Monitoring Equipment

48. 48 © UNEP 2006 Water Flow Meters Water flow meters that are permanently installed on water pipelines: Rotameter Spring and piston flow meter Vortex meters How to operate water flow meters Monitoring Equipment

49. 49 © UNEP 2006 Water Flow Meters Ultrasonic flow meters How to operate water flow meters Monitoring Equipment Water flow meters that not permanently installed on water pipelines www.rshydro.co.uk

50. 50 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

51. 51 © UNEP 2006 Speed Measurement: Tachometers and Stroboscopes Measure speed of a rotating object in revolutions per minute (RPM) Used for motors, fans, pulleys Tachometers: direct contact Stroboscopes: direct contact not possible or not safe What tachometers and stroboscopes do and where they are used Monitoring Equipment

52. 52 © UNEP 2006 Speed Measurement: Tachometers and Stroboscopes Turn on Bring wheel in contact with rotating body Read RPM on display panel How to operate a tachometer Monitoring Equipment Extech Contact/Laser Photo Tachometer, model 461995-NIST. www.mytoolstore.com/extech/tachndx.html wheel display panel

53. 53 © UNEP 2006 Speed Measurement How to operate a stroboscope Monitoring Equipment Source: Reliability Direct, Inc. Mark line on rotating object Point stroboscope at object Change flashing light until marked line stops moving Read RPM on display panel

54. 54 © UNEP 2006 Speed Measurement Be careful when bringing the wheel of the tachometer in contact with the rotating body Do not wear loose clothes while taking measurements with a tachometers Avoid taking measurements alone Always consult the operating manual before use Precautions Monitoring Equipment

55. 55 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

56. 56 © UNEP 2006 Leak Detectors Detects the location of leaks Detects almost any leak because Short distance/access not needed High pressure not needed Sensitive to sound Filters background noises Does not measure the size of the leak What does a leak detector do Monitoring Equipment

57. 57 © UNEP 2006 Leak Detectors For measuring Compressed air leaks Refrigerant leaks But no leak detector will find every leak!! Where is a leak detector used Monitoring Equipment

58. 58 © UNEP 2006 Leak Detectors Turn on and put on headphones Move probe along pipeline Mark locations where hissing sound is heard How to operate a leak detector Monitoring Equipment Type: Accutrack Ultrasonic Leak Detector, model VPE headphones probe monitoring device

59. 59

60. 60 © UNEP 2006 Leak Detectors Monitoring Equipment Dust or smoke should not come out of the pipe Avoid measurement at places with high sound levels Always consult operating manual Precautions

61. 61 © UNEP 2006 Training Agenda: Monitoring Equipment Electrical measuring instruments Combustion analyzer Manometers Thermometers Water flow meters Speed measurement Leak detectors Lux meters Monitoring Equipment

62. 62 © UNEP 2006 Lux Meters Measures illumination (light) levels at Offices Industrial plants Streets All other (work) places What do Lux meters do and where are they used Monitoring Equipment

63. 63 © UNEP 2006 Lux Meters Consist of a body, a photo cell and a readout/display panel Lux meters readings vary for different light sources How to operate lux meters Monitoring Equipment Photo cell Display panel Body

64. 64 © UNEP 2006 Lux Meters Turn on the lux meter Place sensor where the light intensity is to be measured Read illumination levels on the display panel Where & How It’s Used? Monitoring Equipment

65. 65 © UNEP 2006 Lux Meters Place sensor properly on the workstation Store the sensor safely due its high sensitivity Always consult the operating manual Precautions Monitoring Equipment

66. 66 Training Session on Energy Equipment Monitoring Equipment THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION © UNEP GERIAP Monitoring Equipment

67. 67 Monitoring Equipment © UNEP 2006 Disclaimer and References This PowerPoint training session was prepared as part of the project “Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific” (GERIAP). While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. © UNEP, 2006. The GERIAP project was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) Full references are included in the textbook chapter that is available on www.energyefficiencyasia.org