1. Chapter 18 Section 1 What caused the United States to divide?
Texas and the Civil War
Chapter 18 Section 1 What caused the United States to divide?

2. North vs South
-north’s economy was industrial (immigrants worked in factories)
-the south had an agricultural economy that depended on slave labor
-the north was in favor of tariffs (taxes) to protect industry
-the south opposed tariffs
-southerners believed that states had a right to ignore tariffs and federal (US) law
-this is called states’ rights (state power was greater than federal power)
-these social and economic issues led to sectional disagreements, or sectionalism (loyalty to a region)
-as the US expanded westward, Congress debated on new territories entering the Union as free or slave states

3. Compromise of 1850
-the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska act in 1854 decided the question of slavery in Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico territories
-Republican party formed in 1854 to help stop the spread of slavery
-1857 the Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in federal (US) court (Dred Scott decision)
-court also ruled that congress could not ban slavery in any federal territory

4. Secession of States
-after the presidential election of 1860, South Carolina chose to secede (formally withdraw) from the Union
-many TX leaders wanted to discuss secession which angered Unionists (people who wanted to stay in Union and work out differences)
Texas became the 7th state to secede from the United States on March 2, 1861
-Texas joined the seceding states to form the Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as president
-March 1861, the Texas Secessionist convention wrote a new state constitution

5. Chapter 18 Section 2
Essential Question:
What were the effects of the Civil War on Texas?

6. Political Effects
-slavery was vital to the TX economy and future growth
-Texans were afraid that the Republican party was a threat to Slavery
-Sam Houston was a Unionist and tried to delay the legislative meeting discussing secession
-about 1 out of 4 Texans were Unionists
-on Feb 23rd, Texans voted to secede (formally withdraw)
-Houston refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy
-state’s government collapsed at the end of the war when government officials fled to Mexico.

7. Economic Effects
-Texans established new industries to get ready for the war
-businesses made saddles, tents, uniforms, and wagons
-goods became scarce and expensive
-farmers grew more corn and wheat and less cotton to feed the army
-deaths of many men placed hardships on TX businesses, farms, and plantations
--women and children ran farms and plantations
-in 1862 the Confederate Congress passed a draft (requirement of military service) to put more soldiers in the field

8. Social Effects
-Confederate draft upset many Unionists and some Unionists refused to fight for either side
-some Unionist fled TX to avoid the draft
-Unionists were considered traitors
-confederate officials placed areas with large amount of Unionists under martial law (rule by armed forces)
-enslaved Texans saw the war as a struggle for freedom
-in 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which stated slaves were free in the areas rebelling against the United States

9. Chapter 18 Section 3-5 Essential Question:
What were some of the significant individuals and events concerning Texas and the Civil War?

10. Events in Galveston -Galveston was vital to the confederacy
-a Union fleet sailed into Galveston Harbor and the Confederate force retreated
-if left in Union control, northern forces could sweep into TX
-Gen John B. Macgruder of the Confederate forces in TX decided to take it back
-Macgruder’s men converted steamboats to gunboats lining the sides with cotton bales for protection (called cottonclads)
-troops commanded by Colonel Tom Green boarded to attack Union ships in the harbor
-soldiers also attacked Union forces on land and overran forces capturing several hundred soldiers -Union ships fled
-Confederacy now controlled key Texas ports

11. Battle of Sabine Pass
-the Union planned to invade TX through Sabine Pass to recapture Galveston
-a confederate unit known as the Davis Guards were to protect the pass
-they halted the Union attack and captured more than 300 soldiers
-this victory excited people in TX and restored southern confidence

12. Last Battle of Civil War
-Battle at Palmito Ranch (near Brownsville)
-took place after Gen. Lee (south) surrendered to Gen. Grant (north)
on April 9th, 1865
-on May 12th Union troops occupied Brownsville
-following day Union and Confederate forces clashed at Palmito Ranch
-Confederate troops defeated the Union forces and captured 100 prisoners
-a few days later, officials met to arrange a truce

13. John Bell Hood
-resigned from the United States Army and joined the Confederate Army
-he was given command of what became known as Hood’s Texas Brigade and fought in some of the most important battles of the Civil War