1. Human Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 4
Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. Objectives Identify and locate topographic terms on the body.
Describe anatomy and functions of the major body systems.

3. The Planes of the Body Anterior Posterior Midaxillary Midline
Midclavicular line

4. Directional Terms Right and left Superior and inferior
Lateral and medial
Proximal and distal
Superficial and deep
Ventral and dorsal
Palmar and plantar
Apices and bilateral

5. Anatomic Positions Prone Supine Trendelenburg’s position
Fowler’s position

6. The Skeletal System Gives form to the body Protects vital organs
Consists of 206 bones
Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
Designed to permit motion of the body

7. Additional Explanation
Bone Man
Additional Explanation

8. The Skull
Orbit

9. The Neck (1 of 2)

10. The Neck (2 of 2) Additional Explanation Trachea Esophagus
Cervical Vertebrae
Larynx
Trachea
Esophagus
Additional Explanation

11. The Spinal Column 7 12 5 5 4 33

12. The Spinal Column
C7 is Prominent 7
Ribs 12 5 5 4 33 12

13. The Thorax & Chest Cavity (1 of 2)
Cavity is protected by:
T12

14. The Thorax & Chest Cavity (2 of 2)
Chest Cavity contains:
Heart
Great Vessels
Esophagus
Lungs
Separated from abdomen by diaphragm
Additional Explanation

15. The Abdomen (1 of 2) The abdomen is the second major body cavity.
It contains the major organs of digestion and excretion.
Chest Cavity
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Pancreas

16. The Abdomen (2 of 2)

17. The Pelvis

18. The Lower Extremity Hip Thigh Knee Leg Ankle Foot ALL Neck of Femur
Largest Joint in Body

19. The Upper Extremity (1 of 2)
Shoulder girdle
Arm
A/C Joint
Additional Explanation

20. The Upper Extremity (2 of 2)
Additional Explanation

21. Joints
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Hinge Joint

22. Functions of the Musculoskeletal System
Gives the body shape
Protects internal organs
Provides for movement
Consists of more than 600 muscles

23. Types of Muscle (1 of 2) Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
Attached to the bones of the body
Smooth (involuntary) muscle
Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body

24. Types of Muscle (2 of 2) Cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle
Has own blood supply and electrical system
Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods

25. The Respiratory System

26. Diaphragm
Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles
Dome-shaped muscle
Divides thorax from abdomen
Contracts during inhalation
Relaxes during exhalation

27. Breathing Process: Inhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity.
Pressure in the lungs decreases.
Air travels to the lungs.

28. Breathing Process: Exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
As the muscles relax, all dimensions of the thorax decrease.
Pressure in the lungs increases.
Air flows out of the lungs.

29. Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen-rich air is delivered to alveoli with inspiration.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood.
The body does not use all the inhaled oxygen.

30. Control of Breathing Brain stem controls breathing.
Increases breathing rate if the carbon dioxide level in blood becomes too high
Hypoxic drive is a “backup system.”
Activates when oxygen levels fall to stimulate breathing

31. Normal Breathing Characteristics
Normal rate and depth
Regular rhythm
Good breath sounds in both lungs
Regular rise and fall movements in the chest
Easy, not labored

32. Normal Breathing Rates
p 109

33. Recognizing Inadequate Breathing
ALL
Pale or blue skin
Cool, clammy skin
Faster respiratory rate
Irregular rhythm
Labored breathing
Muscle retractions

34. Infant and Child Anatomy
Structures less rigid
Airway smaller
Tongue proportionally larger
Dependent on diaphragm for breathing

35. The Circulatory System

36. The Heart p.111

37. Blood Flow Through the Heart
ALL

38. Electrical Conduction System
SA node
AV node
Purkinje fibers

39. Normal Heart Rates Adults 60 to 100 beats/min Children
p 112
Adults
60 to 100 beats/min
Children
70 to 140 beats/min
Toddlers
90 to 150 beats/min
Newborns
120 to 160 beats/min

40. Major Arteries and Veins
ALL
Aorta
Pulmonary
Carotid
Femoral
Brachial
Radial
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava

41. Components of Blood Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets
ALL
Plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

42. Physiology of the Circulatory System (1 of 2)
ALL
Pulse
The wave of blood through the arteries formed when the left ventricle contracts
Can be felt where an artery passes over a bone near the skin surface

43. Physiology of the Circulatory System (2 of 2)
ALL
Blood pressure
Amount of force exerted against walls of arteries
Systole: Left ventricle contracts
Diastole: Left ventricle relaxes
Perfusion
Circulation of blood within an organ or tissue
If inadequate, the patient goes into shock.

44. The Nervous System
ALL
The nervous system controls the body’s voluntary and involuntary actions.
Somatic nervous system
Regulates voluntary actions
Autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary body functions

45. Central Nervous System (1 of 2)
ALL

46. Central Nervous System (2 of 2)

47. Peripheral Nervous System
Links the organs of the body to the central nervous system.
Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the central nervous system.
Motor nerves carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

48. The Skin (1 of 2) Protects the body from the environment
ALL
Protects the body from the environment
Regulates body temperature
Transmits information from environment to the brain
Largest single organ in the body

49. The Skin (2 of 2)

50. Endocrine System Complex message and control system
Made up of 7 glands
Glands produce and release hormones.

51. Endocrine Glands Adrenal Ovary Pancreas Parathyroid Pituitary Testes

52. Digestive System Mouth Liver Salivary glands Bile ducts Oropharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver
Bile ducts
Small intestine
Large intestine
Appendix
Rectum

53. Urinary System

54. Male Reproductive System

55. Female Reproductive System