1. Human Body Systems

2. Human Body Organization
The Human Body
is composed of
Organ Systems
are composed of
Organs
Tissues
Cells

3. Circulatory System Major Structures
heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph nodes and vessels, lymph , blood cells
Functions
transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases
Interactions with other systems
Nervous system :
The brain regulates heart rate and blood pressure.
Excretory
Cleans the blood
Respiratory system
Gas exchange in the lungs
Carbon dioxide and Oxygen

4. Cells of the Circulatory System
Red Blood Cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
White Blood Cells attack and destroy germs in the body.
Platelets are bits of a blood cell that help stop bleeding.
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. It includes salts, waste, nutrients, water,
CO2 & O2

5. Digestive System Major Structures
mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and large intestines
Functions
extracts and absorbs nutrients from food; removes wastes; maintains water and chemical balances
Interactions with other systems
Integumentary system
vitamin D activated in skin helps the absorption of calcium from digestive tract.
Reproduction system,
Adequate nutrients, including fats, are essential for conception and normal development.
Sequence of food pathway through system
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine.

6. Food processing starts with ingestion (eating).
Teeth- mechanical digestion by masticating (chewing) food.
2. Upon entering esophagus, peristalsis (wave-like contractions) of smooth muscle carries the bolus (food ball) toward the stomach.
3. From the esophagus, bolus passes through a sphincter (muscular ring) into the stomach.

7. 4. In the stomach, food undergoes chemical and mechanical digestion.
7. Parts of the colon absorb water and minerals from undigested food and compact the remaining material into feces.
5. Gallbladder contains Bile from liver that emulsifies (breaks into small particles) lipids (fats), which helps mechanical digestion of fats.
6. Tiny villi (finger-like projections) cover walls of small intestine. This increased surface area causes more efficient food absorption

8. What Benefits Do Gut Bacteria Provide?
Digestive System
What Benefits Do Gut Bacteria Provide?
Bacteria produce enzymes that digest polysaccharides in plant cell walls. Plants contribute to fiber in our diet for a healthy colon, but the enzymes released by good bacteria let us get the most nutrition from vegetables
Some digestive system bacteria make vitamin K and B group vitamins – (difficult to get from food) Humans can’t make these. Bacteria help maintain an optimum pH and stimulate the immune system. Gut bacteria breakdown drugs, hormones and cancer-causing environmental substances
Bacteria in the human gut are beneficial to their host, and enjoy a safe environment . The relationship is an example of mutualism.

9. Endocrine System Major Structures
hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, testes, and ovaries
Functions
regulates body temperature, metabolism, development, and reproduction; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems
Interactions with other systems
Nervous system and circulatory system

10. Excretory System Major Structures
kidneys, urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, skin, lungs; Nephron- filtration unit of kidney
Functions
removes wastes from blood; regulates concentration of body fluids
Interactions
Circulatory system
Endocrine system

11. Immune System Major Structures
white blood cells, lymph nodes and vessels, skin, spleen
Functions
defends against pathogens and diseases
Interactions
Circulatory- delivers WBC’s where needed
Skeletal- makes WBC’s in red bone marrow

12. Cells of the immune system

13. What happens:
B cells recognize pathogens by the proteins (antigens) on their surface.
Helper T cells activate the B cells.
B cells divide to make plasma and memory B cells.
Plasma B cells produce antibodies that attach to the pathogen marking it for destruction.
Macrophages see the antibodies and eat pathogen cells
Memory cells are stored in the lymph nodes. They give a rapid immune response the next time the pathogen attacks.

14. Integumentary System Major Structures
skin, nails, hair, fat, nerves and blood vessels
Functions
protects against injury, infection, production of Vitamin D, and fluid loss; helps regulate body temperature
Interactions with other systems
Immune system
First line of defense against infection
Nervous system
Complex network of nerves in skin send and receive impulses to and from brain, creating sense of touch.
Sense heat, cold, pain, pressure & touch

15. Cells of the Integumentary
Melanocyte- makes pigment (melanin)
Langerhans' cell- frontline defense for the immune system in skin
Adipose (fat) cells- provide insulation from heat and cold

16. Muscular System Major Structures
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues
Functions
moves limbs and trunk; moves substances through body; provides structure and support
Interactions with other systems
Skeletal system - provide skeletal movement
Digestive system- controls entrances and exits of digestive tract
Endocrine system- shiver to produce heat
Nervous system – helps sense of balance, pressure
Respiratory system- makes diaphragm contract & relax
Cardiovascular system – heart pumps to provide circulation

17. Types of Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle cells - are branched and striped
Skeletal Muscle cells - are striped and have many nuclei
Smooth muscles- are pointed at both ends

18. Nervous System Major Structures
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Functions
regulates behavior; maintains homeostasis; regulates other organ systems; controls sensory and motor functions

19. Nerve Cells
Sensory (or afferent) neurons: send information from sensory receptors (e.g., in skin, eyes, nose, tongue, ears) TOWARD central nervous system.
Motor (or efferent) neurons: send information AWAY from central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Interneurons: send information between sensory neurons and motor neurons. Most interneurons are located in the central nervous system.

20. Reproductive System Major Structures
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and breasts (in females); testes and penis (in males)
Functions
The male and female gonads (testes and ovaries) produce sex cells (ova and sperm) and the hormones necessary for the proper development, maintenance, and production of gametes and offspring

21. Gametes of the Reproduction system
Egg
Sperm
Gametes of the Reproduction system

22. Respiratory System Major Structures
Nose, mouth, voice box (larynx), trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli (air sacs)
Functions
moves air into and out of lungs; controls gas exchange between blood and lungs
Interactions:
Circulatory system
Nervous system

23. Pathway: nose->pharynx->larynx-> trachea->bronchi-> Lungs-> bronchioles
->alveoli

24. Skeletal System Major Structures Bones, joints and Bone marrow
Functions
protects and supports body and organs; interacts with skeletal muscles; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Interactions with other systems
Nervous System
Bones provide calcium needed for proper functioning of nerve cells
Circulatory system
Skeletal system protects internal organs and produces blood cells.

25. Cells of the Skeletal System
Cells in the Bone that work with the Circulatory System