1. Unification

2. Italian Unification
1852 King Victor Emmanuel II selected Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister.
1859 Cavour made an alliance between Piedmont and France.
Cavour provoked a war with Austria in the same year.

3. Italy Second War of Italian Independence April – July 1859
Battle of Magenta June 4, 1859
Battle of Solferino June 24, 1859
Napoleon III made peace soon after the battles.
Piedmont gained Lombardy, but fell short of unifiacation.

4. Italy
In April 1860, Guiseppe Garibaldi invaded Sicily and claimed it in July 1860.
Garibaldi then invaded the Italian boot in September of 1860.
March 17, 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Itay.
Cavour died on June 6, 1861.
Sept. 20, 1870 Rome was made the capitol of a fully unified Italy.

5. Germany
In 1862, Wilhelm I attempted to enlarge the Prussian military, but the legislature refused to grant the funds.
Wilhelm appointed Otto von Bismarck as chancellor as a response in Sept. of 1862.
Bismarck forced the military spending bill without the consent of the Prussia diet.

6. Germany
Bismarck effectively ruled Prussia without the consent of the diet.
1864 Prussia and Austria entered a war against Denmark for the possession of the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
After the war’s successful conclusion Austria gained possession of Holstein and Prussia gained Schleswig

7. Six Weeks War
June 14, 1866 Bismarck provoked a war with Austria over Schleswig and Holstein
July 3, 1866 Battle of Koniggratz proved to be the decisive engagement of the Six Weeks War.
The northern German states joined with Prussia, while 4 southern states remained independent. However they were allied to Prussia in a defensive alliance.
Austria was excluded from German affairs.

8. Franco-Prussian War
France viewed a unified Germany with great misgivings.
After the death of the Spanish king, a relative of Wilhelm I was named king of Spain.
French foreign minister Count Benodetti met with Wilhelm I at the spa town of Ems.
Ems Telegram

9. War July 15, 1870 War was declared by France.
South German states sided with Prussia.
September 1, 1870 Battle of Sedan
Paris surrendered on January 28, 1871

10. Germany Triumphant Treaty signed in Versailles
France ceded the territories of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia.
$1 billion in reparations.
Wilhelm I proclaimed Kaiser of a unified Germany.
Paris Commune

11. Austria-Hungary
Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867created a dual monarchy between Austria and Hungary.
Both nations had their own political framework, but remained united under the Habsburgs.
Serbs, Croats, Slavs remained unsatisfied.

12. Victorian Age Britain
Queen Victoria longest ruling monarch of England.
Era characterized by social, political, and economic reforms.
No revolutions or civil unrest.
Age of duty and respectability.
Reform Act of 1867 doubled Britain’s voting rolls.

13. Karl Marx Karl Marx 1818-1883 Fredrich Engles 1820-1895
Argued that history was a constant struggle of class warfare.
Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat
Communist Manifesto

14. Communism Violent overthrow of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat.
Dictatorship to reorganize the means of production.
Classless society.
No private ownership of land, production, or possessions.
No religion.

15. Charles Darwin
1859 Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection
Struggle for survival.
Natural selection
Stronger species adapt and change to their environments, while weaker ones die out.