2. WHAT IS NATIONALISM? Pride in your country  People built nation-states; Loyal to the people w/common bond  Those w/single “nationality” should unite  Independence displays a nation’s identity  Negative: Nationalist movements capable of breaking up huge empires! (i.e. Austro- Hungarian, Russian, & Ottoman Empires)  Positive: Nationalism can also build nations

3. UNIFICATION OF ITALY

4. ITALY  Italy formed from crumbling empire of Kingdom of 2 Sicily’s (North: Austria and South: Spain)  3 leaders with diff. goals & diff. personalities unite Italy Guiseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Guiseppe Garibaldi

5. THE BOYS Giuseppe Mazzini Count Camillo di Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi

6. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI  1832, formed YOUNG ITALY (40 yrs. old & younger)  Believed nation-states were best hope for Europe  But rebellions failed & he was exiled

7. COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR  1848, people look to Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership  King Victor Emmanuel II’s prime minister  Wants to expand Piedmont-Sardinia’s power while achieving unification of Italy  Cavour not out to unite Italy…only wants power!  Takes over all of N. Italy & to take the south, secretly helps nationalist rebels in S. Italy

8. GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI  May 1860, he led small army of Italian nationalists to capture Sicily  He and his followers always wore bright red shirts  “RED SHIRTS”  People (voted) to unite Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia & let King Emmanuel continue ruling  1866, gains Venetia & becomes part of Italy  1870, last part of Italy conquered—Papal States  Rome capital; pope governs section of Rome  Vatican City

9. ITALY’S UNIFICATION  Despite unification, major problems  People in N & S had different ways of life & different dialects  Peasants revolt in South  Strikes/riots in North  Big economic problems  Italy a poor country

10. REVIEW OF IMPORTANT MEN  MAZZINI BEGINS ITALY’S REVOLUTION FOR UNIFICATION  CAVOUR UNIFIED NORTHERN ITALY  GARIBALDI JOINED SOUTHERN ITALY TO NORTHERN ITALY  Papal states (including Rome) became last to join Italy

11. GERMANY AND PRUSSIA

12. MAIN EMPIRES  Like Italy, Germany and Prussia have unity in 1800s  39 German states = German Confederation  2 largest states of Austro-Hungarian & Prussian Empires dominate

13. PRUSSIA  Mostly German population  Nationalism high & unites Prussia but tears apart Austria-Hungary  Prussia’s army most powerful in central Europe  Prussia creates liberal constitution by Wilhelm IV

14. NEW POWER IN PRUSSIA  1861, Wilhelm I (son of Wilhelm IV) took throne & wanted army to double his power, but parliament refused to give him money  Saw it as challenge of his authority, so assigns OTTO VON BISMARCK as prime minister (tough guy)

15. OTTO VON BISMARCK  Institutes REALPOLITIK—“politics of reality,” aka, tough power  Parliament not agreeing with him, so went to king & got permission to rule w/o consent of Parliament & w/o legal budget  Famous “blood and iron” speech

16. WHAT ELSE DID BISMARCK DO?  1864, created empire by forming alliance w/Prussia & Austria, fought Denmark for land, & increased nationalism  Provoked war between Austria & Prussia  Seven Weeks War  Prussia won Venetia & German territories from Austria  For 1 st time E. & W. parts of Prussia kingdom joined

17. BISMARCK STARTS A WAR BY GOSSIPING  1867, some German states remained independent, but problem  majority of S. Germans Catholic controlled by Protestant Prussia  Bismarck tried to win over southerners, so sent false telegrams of Wilhelm insulting the French  led to Franco-Prussian War (CREATES THE GERMAN STATE!)

18. WHAT DOES EUROPE LOOK LIKE NOW?  Jan. 18, 1871: King Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser (emperor), with German empire known as Second Reich  1815: Congress of Vienna established 5 Great Powers: Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, & Russia  By 1871 Britain & Germany most powerful