1. RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

2. DNA holds the information (code) to make all of the proteins in a cell……..
But how is the information stored in DNA?
In the sequence of the nucleotides

3. Protein Synthesis How many nucleotides are there? 4
How many amino acids are there? 20

4. HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS?
Message is read in groups of 3 bases = _________
CODON
Codons represent different amino acids
UCGCACGGU
UCG-CAC-GGU
Serine
- Histidine
- Glycine

5. But how does the information in the DNA get from the nucleus to the ribosomes where proteins are made?
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid

6. MASTER PLAN DNA stays safe in nucleus
TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ RNA) takes place in nucleus
TRANSLATION (RNA→ proteins)
takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm
“Blueprints” of master plan
are carried to building site

7. RNA Uses information from DNA to make proteins
Is a polymer similar to DNA

8. RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid
NUCLEOTIDES
Also made of ___________
Sugar is _______ instead
of deoxyribose.
RNA is _________ stranded
Contains _________ instead
of thymine.
RIBOSE
SINGLE
URACIL

9. RNA Bases

10. 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Carries genetic message from DNA to ribosomes
Protects DNA
More copies at the same time
Easier to move

11. 3 Types of RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
carries the amino acids to the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Makes the ribosomes along with proteins

12. 3 KINDS OF RNA HELP WITH INFO TRANSFER FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA (rRNA)
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
_________________RNA (tRNA)
Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA (mRNA)
carries code from DNA to ribosomes
TRANSFER
MESSENGER
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from

13. Transcription Process of making RNA from DNA 3 Steps DNA unwinds
Nucleotides are added (U instead of T)
mRNA leave the nucleus

14. DNA CTA-GAG-CAA-GTC-ACT
What is the RNA Strand?
DNA CTA-GAG-CAA-GTC-ACT

15. DNA CTA-GAG-CAA-GTC-ACT
What is the RNA Strand?
DNA CTA-GAG-CAA-GTC-ACT
mRNA GAU-CUC-GUU-CAG-UGA

16. DNA TGC-AGT-AGG-TAC-ACT
What is the RNA Strand?
DNA TGC-AGT-AGG-TAC-ACT

17. DNA TGC-AGT-AGG-TAC-ACT
What is the RNA Strand?
DNA TGC-AGT-AGG-TAC-ACT
mRNA ACG-UCA-UCC-AUG-UGA

18. Codons
Combinations of nucleotides needed to code for all the amino acids
64 codons produce 20 AA

20. AUG 64 possible codons Some amino acids have more than one codon.
Section 12-3
64 possible codons
Some amino acids have more than one
codon.
START= _______
3 codons for _____
AUG
STOP

21. Translation Process of making proteins from RNA
mRNA goes to the ribosome
Ribosome reads mRNA in 3 base triplets called codons
Codon specifies what amino acid the tRNA brings

22. mRNA to Proteins

23. EACH tRNA carries only one kind of _____________ amino acid
ANTICODON
___________
on tRNA
matches up with
________
on mRNA
CODON
EACH tRNA carries only one kind of _____________
amino acid
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

26. REPLICATION
DNA → DNA ____________
DNA → RNA ____________
RNA→ Protein ___________
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION

27. can be
also called
which functions to
also called
which functions to
also called
which functions to
from to
to make up

28. amino acids to ribosome
RNA
can be
Messenger RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Transfer RNA
also called
which functions to
also called
which combines with
also called
which brings
tRNA
amino acids to ribosome
mRNA
Carry instructions
rRNA
proteins
from to
to make up
DNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes

29. Make a Protein!

31. Codons AUG = start codon (methionine) UAA, UAG, UGA = stop
Has to be read in the correct direction and started in the correct place