1. The Importance of Carbon

2. Organic Chemistry The study of carbon compounds
Most naturally occurring organic compounds are produced by living organisms.
Inorganic carbon compounds
CO2- source of carbon for all the organic molecules found in organisms

3. Bonds Formed by Carbon
When carbon has four single bonds, the bonds angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron.

4. When two carbon atom are joined by a double bond, all bonds around the carbon atom are in the same plane.

5. Carbon Skeletons
Carbon atoms form chains that are the skeletons for most organic molecules. They vary in length in formation.
Straight

6. Branched
Ringed

7. Isomers
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas that cause the molecules to have different properties.
Structural – differ in covalent arrangement
Geometric- same covalent partnership but different spatial arrangements (arise from the inflexibility of a double bond)
Enantiomers- mirror images of each other

8. Figure 4.6 Three types of isomers

9. Functional Groups
Functional groups are attachments ( group of atoms that work together) that replace one or more of the H atoms attached to a carbon skeleton.
Each functional group behaves consistently from one organic molecule to another.
Functional groups give molecules unique properties.

10. Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones

11. Six Important Functional Groups
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate