2. Safety Health Aesthetics

3.  Keep stress on a tree minimal  Right tree, right spot  Proper planting  Substantial water  Mulch appropriately  Train and prune as needed

4.  Training  Topiary  Espaliers  Bending/Spreading  Bonsai  Shearing  Pruning

5.  Force the plant to grow in a specific manner ◦ Wires ◦ Trellises ◦ Poles

6.  Art: shapes of animals or other objects  Wire frame used  Montreal Gardens Montreal Gardens

7.  Plants growing on a flat plane

9.  Speed up the flower process  Apples at 45° to 90° can flower sooner

10.  Prune both roots and shoots

12.  Branched-head Standard ◦ Single, clear trunk that divides to form open crown ◦ Decurrent – a rounded or spreading tree crown

13.  Central-leader Standard ◦ A single strong trunk persisting all the way through the crown ◦ Excurrent – pyramidal shape

14.  Bush ◦ Rounded head on short trunk

15.  Multistemmed ◦ Resembling large shrubs with several distinct branches (or trunks)

16.  Fastigate ◦ Narrow, columnar in form with upswept branches

17.  Weeping Standard ◦ Often formed by top-grafting a weeping cultivar onto a stock plant with a clear stem

19. 1. Remove broken, diseased, dying or dead branches 2. Select a leader and remove competing leaders Select the lowest permanent branch 3. Select scaffold branches and cut back or remove competing branches 4. Select temporary branches below the lowest permanent branch

20.  Central leader ◦ The primary terminal shoot or trunk of a tree

21.  Multiple leaders ◦ The competing shoots or trunks for dominance

22.  Lowest permanent branch ◦ Typically  14ft over roads  9 ft over sidewalks  Whatever the homeowner wants

24.  Scaffold Branches ◦ Spaced minimum of 12” apart ◦ Radiate around the tree ◦ Best 1/3 size of trunk ◦ No more than 2 at any point

25.  Branch Unions ◦ “V-shaped” vs. “U-shaped” ◦ V-shaped  Included bark – much weaker ◦ U-shaped  Stronger

26. V U Included Bark

29.  Temporary branches

30. Family A’s Tree - Not Pruned When Young At Planting3-4 Yrs.5-7 Yrs.15 Years later Family B’s Tree - Pruned When Young

32.  Dead, diseased, and infested branches  Improve tree structure, enhance vigor, or maintain safety  Corrective pruning

33.  Cleaning: ◦ The removal of dead, dying, diseased, crowded, weakly attached, and low-vigor branches from the crown of a tree.

34.  Thinning: ◦ Selective removal of branches to increase light penetration and air movement through the crown. ◦ Opens the foliage of a tree, reduces weight on heavy limbs, and helps retain the tree's natural shape.

35.  Raising: ◦ Removes the lower branches from a tree in order to provide clearance for buildings, vehicles, pedestrians, and vistas.

36.  Reduction: ◦ Reduces the size of a tree, often for clearance for utility lines. ◦ Pruning back the leaders and branch terminals to lateral branches that are large enough to assume the terminal roles (at least 1/3 the diameter of the cut stem). ◦ Compared to topping, this helps maintain the form and structural integrity of the tree.

37.  Storm damage

38.  Dead, dying and diseased

39.  Crossing branches

40.  Double leaders

41.  Watersprouts

42.  Suckers

43.  Narrow unions

44.  Dead, dying, or considered irreparably hazardous  Causing an obstruction or causing harm to other trees and cannot be correct through pruning  To be replaced by a more suitable specimen  Removed to allow for construction

45.  Inspect all tress on site  Beware of soil compaction  Install fencing around critical root zone

46.  Portion of tree’s root system that must NOT be violated.  Critical Root Radius (Protected Root Zone)  DBH – Diameter of tree at breast height ◦ Diameter of tree at 4.5’ above ground  CRR (ft) = DBH x 1.5 10” DBH x 1.5 = 15’

49.  Adding soil ◦ Add 2” of soil on no more than 45% of a tree’s root system per year

50.  Reserved for rare, historic, or specimen trees  Used to add structural support to tree

52.  Involves installing flexible cables or rigid rods to reduce the chances of failure of defective unions. ◦ cables are installed high in the tree, at least 2/3 the distance from the defect to the crown ◦ rods are installed much lower, just above and/or below the defect ◦ cables are always stronger than rods because of their greater leverage ◦ cables can be used alone, but bracing is always supplemented with cables

54.  There are three major uses of cabling and bracing: ◦ prevention: to reduce the chance of failure on a healthy tree with structural weakness  Example: a specimen bur oak in good condition but having large limbs with "V-crotches" ◦ restoration: to prolong the existence of a damaged tree  Example: a large sugar maple that lost one of its leaders in a storm, leaving the others suddenly exposed and vulnerable to further damage ◦ mitigation: to reduce the hazard potential of a tree  Example: a picturesque multi-stemmed hickory that towers over a picnic shelter

55.  Be sure to ask yourself some questions first: ◦ Is this a reasonable way to treat this tree, or am I just trying to preserve a tree that is actually at the end of its useful life? ◦ How do I justify this expenditure on a single tree? Do I have more pressing needs in my forest? ◦ Is the tree basically healthy? Is there enough sound wood to anchor the cable? ◦ Do I understand that cabling is no guarantee that failure will not happen? ◦ Am I prepared to have the cable inspected annually, then replaced after 7-10 years?

56.  Historic, rare, specimen trees  Trees in open areas where people/animals might seek shelter  Protection systems do not attract lightening but dissipate any charge

58.  Water Stress + Deep Planting = Decline  Const. Damage + Oak Wilt = Tree Death  Chlorosis + Birch Borer = Die Back

59.  Keep stress on a tree minimal  Right tree, right spot  Proper planting  Substantial water  Mulch appropriately  Train and prune as needed