1. Borrelia burgdorferi Lyme disease

2. Spirochetes Group or bacteria with a highly characteristic appearance Helical, slender, relatively long cells One of the species of “borrelia” cause lyme disease in human

3. Lyme disease bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is name given to the overall category North America, Bb sensu stricto Europe Bb sensu stricto, B.garinii, and B.afzelii Asia has B.garinii

4. taxanomy Super kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: spirochaetes Order: spirochaetales Family: spirochaelaceae Genus: Borrelia Species: borrelia burgdorferi

5. Symptoms The early symptoms are mild and easily overlook. The first symptom is usually an expanding rash. Called erythema migrans. Appear as a solid red expanding rash or blotch, OR a central spot surrounded by clear skin that in ringed by an expanding red rash looks like bull’s eye.

7. Target tissue Borrelia has been isolated from nearly every organ Tendon Heart muscle

8. Disseminated lyme disease General Profound fatigue, headache, fever severe muscle aches/pain Brain (tingling sensations of the extremities- peripheral neuropathy, facial palsy Eyes :vision changes, retinal damage, optic atropy Skin: rash not at bite site (erythema migrans)

9. Diagnosis There are number of blood test available Antibody test :ELISA and western blot tests. Although there is false positive and negative result Antigen detection tests Polymerase chain reaction: this test multiplies the of Bb DNA to detectable measurable level

10. Polymerase chain reaction

11. prevention Precautionary routine Wear enclosed shoes and light-clolred clothing with a tight weave to spot ticks easily Scan clothes and any exposed skin Stay on cleared, well- traveled trails Insect repellent containing DEET (Diethyl- meta-tolumide) in skin or cloths Inspect yourself and your children carefully after been heavily bushed area

12. How is Lyme Disease Treated? Treatments varies and depends on timings Tetracycline or amoxycillin/probonicid Four later complication such as meningitis ceferiaxone non- steroidal anti inflammatory drug

13. motality Highly motile Internal bundle of flagella; cause it to contract like muscle Swim through blood vessel, extracellular matrix, connective tissue Swim at the rate of several inches in a matter of few days

14. Tick vectors: B.burgdorferi is transmitted to humans by ticks of the ixodes recinus complex.

15. American dog tick Dermacetor variablis

16. Black legged tick Ixodus scapularis

17. How to remove tick: If you DO find a tick attach tjo your skin,there is no need to panic. Not all ticks are infected Without jerking, using a pair of pointed precision tweezers, grasp the tick by the head or mouthparts right where they enter the skin. Do not twist the tick out, Clean the bite wound with disinfectant

18. Population at risk

19. Repoted Lyme Disease and Incedent Rate

20. Lyme disease vaccine and treatment; LYMEric is made from lipidated rOspA pf B.burgdorferi sensu stricto. Three dosages required for optimal protection Mechanism of Action: B.burgdorferi in a vector tick undergoes substantial antigenic change between the time of tick attachment on a mammalian host and transmission of the bacterium to the host. Treatments include antibiotics, amoxicillin, penicillin, deoxycycline For complicated case these antibiotics given through IV.

21. Population at risk Most B.burgdorferi infections result from residential exposure to infected ticks during property maintenance, recreation, and leisure activity The person who engage in outdoor occupations Forestry landscaping

22. Distribution of human cases of lyme disease Endemic in several region in the U.S.A, Canada, and temperate Eurasia 1993-1997 62,000> reported cases. 5.5 cases/100,000 population Highest reported rates occur in children under the age15 years

23. References, Lyme net, Igenex,Inc. niaid.nih.gov, Mosby medical dictionary, lyme alliance.org