1. Stored Procedures
PL/SQL code stored in the database and executed when called by the user.
Called by procedure name from another PL/SQL block or using EXECUTE from SQL+. For example EXEC SQR(50)
Example:
Create procedure SQR (v_num_to_square IN number) AS
v_answer number(10);
BEGIN
v_answer := v_num_to_square * v_num_to_square;
dbms_output.put_line(v_answer);
END; /

2. Function
PL/SQL user defined function stored in the database and executed when a function call is made in code: example x := SQUARED(50)
Example:
Create or Replace Function SQUARED
(p_number_to_square IN number)
RETURN number IS
v_answer number(10);
BEGIN
v_answer := p_number_to_square * p_number_to_square;
RETURN(v_answer);
END; /

3. Stored procedure

4. Another Stored Procedure Example
Create or replace procedure mytabs AS
CURSOR table_cursor IS
Select table_name from user_tables;
v_tablename varchar2(30);
BEGIN
open table_cursor;
fetch table_cursor into v_tablename;
while table_cursor%found loop
dbms_output.put_line(v_tablename);
end loop;
close table_cursor;
END;

5. Triggers
PL/SQL code executed automatically in response to a database event, typically DML.
Like other stored procedures, triggers are stored in the database.
Often used to:
enforce complex constraints, especially multi-table constraints. Financial posting is an example of this.
Trigger related actions
implement auditing “logs”
pop a sequence when creating token keys
Triggers do not issue transaction control statements (such as commit). Triggers are part of the SQL transaction that invoked them.
USER_TRIGGERS provides a data dictionary view of triggers.

6. Triggers CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER <trigger_name>
[BEFORE/AFTER][DELETE/INSERT/UPDATE of <column_name |, column_name… |>
ON <table_name>
|FOR EACH ROW|
|WHEN <triggering condition>|
|DECLARE|
BEGIN
trigger statements
…………
END;
To delete a trigger use:
DROP TRIGGER <trigger_name>;

7. Log Trigger Example CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER LOGSTUDENTCHANGES
BEFORE INSERT OR DELETE OR UPDATE of Major ON STUDENTS
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
v_ChangeType CHAR(1);
v_sid varchar2(10);
BEGIN
IF INSERTING THEN
V_ChangeType := 'I';
v_sid := :new.sid;
ELSIF UPDATING THEN
V_ChangeType := 'U';
ELSE
V_ChangeType := 'D';
v_sid := :old.sid;
END IF;
INSERT INTO MAJ_AUDIT (change_type, changed_by, timestamp,
SID, old_major, new_major)
VALUES (v_ChangeType, USER, SYSDATE, v_sid, :old.major, :new.major);
END LOGSTUDENTCHANGES;

8. Ben & Jerry Trigger Example (no employee can make more than 10 times as much as the lowest paid employee)
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER SalaryTrig
BEFORE INSERT ON Employees
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
v_upper_sal_limit NUMBER(10,2);
v_lower_sal_limit NUMBER(10,2);
BEGIN
SELECT MIN(salary)*10 INTO v_upper_sal_limit
FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(salary)/10 INTO v_lower_sal_limit
IF :new.salary NOT BETWEEN v_lower_sal_limit AND v_upper_sal_limit THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001,'salary out of allowed range');
END IF;
END SalaryTrig; /
Notes: Application error number is a parameter between –20,000 and –20,999.
You could also stop the insert by "poisoning" it, changing a :new
buffer value to one that you know will not pass constraint evaluation.

9. TYPES OF TRIGGERS Example: statement trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER mytrig1 BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON employee
BEGIN
IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'day') IN ('sat', 'sun')) OR (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'hh:mi') NOT BETWEEN '08:30' AND '18:30') THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500, 'table is secured');
END IF;
END; /
The above example shows a trigger that limits the DML actions to the employee table to weekdays from 8.30am to 6.30pm. If a user tries to insert/update/delete a row in the EMPLOYEE table, a warning message will be prompted.
Bordoloi and Bock

10. TRIGGERS The trigger_name references the name of the trigger.
BEFORE or AFTER specify when the trigger is fired (before or after the triggering event).
The triggering_event references a DML statement issued against the table (e.g., INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE).
The table_name is the name of the table associated with the trigger.
The clause, FOR EACH ROW, specifies a trigger is a row trigger and fires once for each modified row.
A WHEN clause specifies the condition for a trigger to be fired.
Bear in mind that if you drop a table, all the associated triggers for the table are dropped as well.
Bordoloi and Bock

11. Triggers may be called BEFORE or AFTER the following events:
TYPES OF TRIGGERS
Triggers may be called BEFORE or AFTER the following events:
INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.
The before/after options can be used to specify when the trigger body should be fired with respect to the triggering statement. If the user indicates a BEFORE option, then Oracle fires the trigger before executing the triggering statement. On the other hand, if an AFTER is used, Oracle fires the trigger after executing the triggering statement.
Bordoloi and Bock

12. TYPES OF TRIGGERS
A trigger may be a ROW or STATEMENT type. If the statement FOR EACH ROW is present in the CREATE TRIGGER clause of a trigger, the trigger is a row trigger. A row trigger is fired for each row affected by an triggering statement.
A statement trigger, however, is fired only once for the triggering statement, regardless of the number of rows affected by the triggering statement
Bordoloi and Bock

13. TYPES OF TRIGGERS Example: statement trigger
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER mytrig1 BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON employee
BEGIN
IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'day') IN ('sat', 'sun')) OR (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'hh:mi') NOT BETWEEN '08:30' AND '18:30') THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500, 'table is secured');
END IF;
END; /
The above example shows a trigger that limits the DML actions to the employee table to weekdays from 8.30am to 6.30pm. If a user tries to insert/update/delete a row in the EMPLOYEE table, a warning message will be prompted.
Bordoloi and Bock

14. Example: ROW Trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER mytrig2
AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON employee
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
IF DELETING THEN
INSERT INTO xemployee (emp_ssn, emp_last_name,emp_first_name, deldate)
VALUES (:old.emp_ssn, :old.emp_last_name,:old.emp_first_name, sysdate);
ELSIF INSERTING THEN
INSERT INTO nemployee (emp_ssn, emp_last_name,emp_first_name, adddate)
VALUES (:new.emp_ssn, :new.emp_last_name,:new.emp_first_name, sysdate);
ELSIF UPDATING('emp_salary') THEN
INSERT INTO cemployee (emp_ssn, oldsalary, newsalary, up_date)
VALUES (:old.emp_ssn,:old.emp_salary, :new.emp_salary, sysdate); ELSE
INSERT INTO uemployee (emp_ssn, emp_address, up_date)
VALUES (:old.emp_ssn, :new.emp_address, sysdate);
END IF;
END; /
Bordoloi and Bock

15. TYPES OF TRIGGERS
Example: ROW Trigger
The previous trigger is used to keep track of all the transactions performed on the employee table. If any employee is deleted, a new row containing the details of this employee is stored in a table called xemployee. Similarly, if a new employee is inserted, a new row is created in another table called nemployee, and so on.
Note that we can specify the old and new values of an updated row by prefixing the column names with the :OLD and :NEW qualifiers.
Bordoloi and Bock