1. Biology 10 Laboratory Ms. Nancy Wheat

2. Important Information  Instructor: Ms. Nancy Wheat nwheat@hartnell.edu  Lab book: Biology 10 Laboratory Manual  Visionlearning: www.visionlearning.com www.visionlearning.com Register as a student. Join Hartnell College BIO 10 General Biology MyClassroom.

3. Scientific Method  One of the goals of science is to answer questions about how the world works. Scientific explanations are based on natural laws and are testable.  The scientific method illustrates the way in which science is done.

4. Scientific Method  This simplified flow diagram of the scientific method shows the important components involved in a scientific study. Observations Hypothesis Experiment/ Observations Conclusion Scientific Theory

5. Scientific Method  First is the observation phase, where new observations are made. This is also the time where previous data are examined.  Next, a hypothesis is formulated to attempt to explain the available data and observations. A hypothesis must be testable!!!

6. Scientific Method  The hypothesis is then tested through a series of experiments and/or observations. These experiments and observations must be repeatable! The factual information resulting from these experiments and observations is called data.

7. Scientific Method An important part of an experiment is the control, which is a replicate set up exactly like the experiment, except it does not have the factor being tested. It is important to repeat an experiment exactly the same way many times.  Replicates

8. Scientific Method  Independent variable – the variable that you manipulate. Example – size of a food item.  Dependent variable – the variable that you will measure. Example – how long it takes to eat that food item.

9. Scientific Method  Scientists can then draw a conclusion based on the data. The conclusion may involve accepting or rejecting the initial hypothesis. Further experiments may require an adjustment to the conclusions.  Hypotheses are said to be supported, but not proven.

10. Scientific Method  New hypotheses are generated from the conclusions, and the process starts again.

11. Scientific Method  A theory results when a group of related hypotheses are supported by many experiments and observations. Theories are the ideas that scientists are MOST SURE OF!  Theory of gravity  Theory of evolution

12. Scientific Method  The previous model is very simplified and the result is too linear.  The ‘ activity model ’ for the process of scientific inquiry shows the more complex interactions that are really involved. Harwood, W. S. 2004. A new Model for Inquiry: is the Scientific Method Dead? Journal of College Science Teaching. 33(7): 29-33.