1. DNA and RNA

2. DNA Questions: Made of nucleotides – which are made of
5 carbon sugar - deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
There are 4 nitrogen bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Questions:
What are the monomers called that DNA is made of?
What are the three components of DNA?
What sugar is DNA made of?
What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?

4. DNA Arrangement Looks like a twisted latter – called double helix
Discovered Watson and Crick
The sides are made of sugar and phosphate that alternate
Each rung is made of 2 nitrogenous bases
Adenine and thymine
Cytosine and guanine
Questions:
What is the shape of DNA?
Who discovered the shape of DNA?
Describe how DNA is configured?

6. DNA Replication Questions: Explain the steps of DNA replication?
DNA has 2 complementary sides
To replicate:
An enzyme called DNA helicase splits DNA down the middle
It begins at a point called the replication fork
It separate in both directions
As it separates into 2 sides - complementary bases (in the nucleus) attach to each side using DNA polymerase
This results in two identical pieces of DNA – each with 1 original and 1 new strand
Questions:
Explain the steps of DNA replication?
What is the result of DNA replication?
How does the why DNA replicates help conserve genetic information?
SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of genetic information.

8. RNA Questions: RNA – Is slightly different It is only a single strand
Its nucleotide made of:
5 carbon sugar ribose
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases
Contains the nitrogen bases:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil
Questions:
What is RNA?
How is the RNA similar and different from the DNA molecule?

9. Types of RNA Questions:
What are the three types of RNA and what is the job of each?
There are three types of RNA – all help to make proteins
Messenger RNA – contain instructions
Ribosomal RNA – assembles the protein
Transfer RNA – transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

10. Types of RNA

11. Making RNA Questions: What is the process of making RNA called?
Explain the steps of making RNA.
RNA is made by copying part of DNA
Called transcription
Steps
RNA polymerase separates the DNA at a specific location
RNA nitrogen bases attach to one of the strands of DNA (uracil instead of thymine)
The piece of RNA separated from the DNA
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression
of genes.

13. RNA Editing Questions:
Why does RNA need to be edited?
What are the parts called that are removed and kept?
What type of RNA is made in the end?
Editing must happen before RNA leaves the nucleus
Gets rid of unneeded pieces called introns
Keeps the parts called exons
The exons bond together to make mRNA
The mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosomes
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression
of genes.

14. Removing Introns

15. Making Proteins Questions: Process is called translation
Made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides
Sequence of the amino acids determines the protein
The steps:
mRNA is sent to the ribosome
mRNA reads 3 letters at a time (these 3 letters are called codon)
Each codon represents a single amino acid (AUG=Start)
These codons represent the universal genetic code
Questions:
What is the process of making proteins called?
What is a codon and where is it found?
How and why is the genetic code universal to most organisms?
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression
of genes.
SC Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms.

16. Codons and Their Corresponding Amino Acid

17. Translation - Continued
Questions:
Explain the steps of protein translation? (remember the previous slide)
The mRNA sends for a tRNA that has the complementary nucleotides (called anticodon) that they are needed
The tRNA brings a specific amino acids to the ribosome
The amino acid the tRNA carries is bonded to the polypeptide chain
The tRNA is released from the mRNA and leaves to get another amino acid
This continues until a stop codon is reached
Then the polypeptide (protein) is released and goes where it is needed
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression
of genes.

18. Protein Synthesis – Part 1

19. Protein Synthesis – part 2

20. Mutations Questions: Mutation – change in the genetic material Types:
Gene mutations – mistakes in a specific gene
Can be frame shift
Insertion – when a nitrogenous base is added
Deletion – when a nitrogenous base is removed
Non- frame shift
Substitution – one nitrogenous base is wrong - causes a different the amino acid
Questions:
What is a mutation?
What is a gene mutation?
What types of gene mutations are there and what are some examples?
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.

22. Questions: What are chromosomal mutations?
Chromosomal mutations – changes in the structure of the chromosome
There are 4 types:
Deletion – part of chromosome is missing
Duplication – part of the chromosome is repeated
Inversion – part of the chromosome is flipped over
Translocation – part of the chromosome is removed from one chromosome and attached to another
Questions:
What are chromosomal mutations?
Explain the differences between the types of mutations?
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.

23. Chromosomal mutations

24. Effects of Mutations Questions:
Some are neutral –
a single letter change may still give the same amino acid
Some are harmful –
May change protein structures or gene activity
Cause disorders or mutations
Some are helpful –
cause variations that all the organism to survive its environment (extra fur, color change)
Questions:
Explain how different mutations can effect an organism?
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.