1. more regulating gene expression

2. Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational Fig 15.1

3. Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational Fig 15.1

4. Fig 23.25 Alternate Splicing in Drosophila Sex Determination

5. Alternate splicing leads to sex determination in fruit flies Fig 23.25

6. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 6.40 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2 mRNA transport is an important regulatory step

7. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 7.52 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2 mRNA can be localized to a specific parts of a cell (from Drosophila embryo)

8. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 7.98 At least 3 mechanisms are involved: Directed transport via cytoskeleton Random diffusion and trapping Degradation and local protection

9. A processed mRNA ready for translation Protects from degradation/ recognition for ribosome Protects from degradation/ transport to cytoplasm 5’ untranslated region 3’ untranslated region

10. Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. Alberts et al. Fig 7.99 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2 mRNA with 3’ UTR properly localized mRNA without 3’ UTR improperly localized

11. Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational Fig 15.1

12. Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational Fig 15.1

13. Fig 15.25 Regulation of iron assimilation in mammals: Regulating of Translation

14. Fig 15.26 Ferritin is regulated at translation

15. C. elegans is commonly used to study development

16. C. elegans development

17. C. elegans mutants with cells that do not develop properly.

18. The product of these genes was found to be RNA?

19. Cell vol. 116, 281-297 2004 MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ~22nt RNAs that play important regulatory roles

20. How do microRNAs control gene expression? miRNA expressed miRNA processed to ~22nt RNA Mature miRNA Fig 15.23 and

21. A processed mRNA ready for translation: microRNAs inhibit translation by binding to the 3’ end of mRNA microRNA bind to 3’-UTR 5’-UTR 3’-UTR

22. miRNA expressed miRNA processed to ~22nt RNA Mature miRNA the 3’ end with attached microRNA interacts with the 5’ end, blocking translation Fig 15.23 and

23. miRNAs can lead to methylation of DNA that leads to inhibition of transcription

24. microRNAs primarily target gene products that function during development Tbl 1

25. PNAS vol. 101 #1 pg 360-365, 2004 tissue specific expression of mouse microRNA

26. Fig 16.1 Gene Expression is controlled at all of these steps: DNA packaging Transcription RNA processing and transport RNA degradation Translation Post-translational

27. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins can change activity

28. Ubiquitinization targets proteins for degradation

29. Some proteins function in the cytoplasm; others need to be transported to various organelles.

30. How can proteins be delivered to their appropriate destinations?

31. Fig 13.23 Proteins are directed to their destinations via signals in the amino acid sequence

32. Protein Destinations: secretion or membrane

33. Signal sequences target proteins for secretion

34. Translation of secreted proteins

35. Translation of membrane bound proteins

36. Translation of secreted or membrane bound proteins This step determines secretion or membrane bound.

37. Protein Destinations: nucleus Signal anywhere in protein, Translation in cytoplasm, Signal not removed

38. Protein Destinations: mitochondria or chloroplast Signal translated first, Translation in cytoplasm, Signal removed

39. Protein Destinations: signals in protein determine destination Tbl 13.8

40. Next: Development- differentiating cells to become an organism