1. ECOLOGY CHASE2005-2006

2. Objective To better understand our relationship with the surrounding environment. To better understand our relationship with the surrounding environment. To understand the interdependence organisms have with other organisms and their environment. To understand the interdependence organisms have with other organisms and their environment. To appreciate the impact ecology has on our every day lives. To appreciate the impact ecology has on our every day lives.

3. Outline I. Introduction A. Biotic factors B. Abiotic factors I. Feeding relationships II. Symbiotic relationships III. Population growth IV. Succession V. Natural cycles VI. Current issues in ecology

8. Introduction Ecology Ecology –Study of the relationships and interactions living organisms have with each other and with their environment. –Science that focuses on the interdependent relationships between the biotic and the abiotic.

9. Biotic Factor Anything living Anything living A living organism is able to do ALL of the following: A living organism is able to do ALL of the following: Grow and develop Grow and develop Reproduce independently Reproduce independently Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli Metabolize energy Metabolize energy Viruses are non-living Viruses are non-living

10. Bacteria found in yogurt

11. Volvox

12. Sea urchin

13. Abiotic factor Anything non-living Anything non-living Abiotic factors CANNOT do one or more of the following: Abiotic factors CANNOT do one or more of the following: Grow and develop Grow and develop Reproduce independently Reproduce independently Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli Metabolize energy Metabolize energy

14. water

15. rock

16. Outline I. Introduction II. Predator-prey relationships A. Feeding roles B. Feeding relationships C. Transfer of energy D. Niche III. Symbiotic relationships IV. Population growth V. Succession VI. Ecological cycles VII. Current issues in ecology

17. Feeding Roles- vocabulary Predator Predator Producer Producer Autotroph Autotroph Scavenger Scavenger Herbivore Herbivore Omnivore Omnivore Prey Prey Consumer Consumer Heterotroph Heterotroph Decomposer Decomposer Carnivore Carnivore

18. Predator Organism who consumes another organism to obtain nutrients. Organism who consumes another organism to obtain nutrients.

19. Predator

20. Predator

21. Prey Organism who is consumed by another organism. Organism who is consumed by another organism.

22. Prey

23. Prey

24. Producer Organism that makes its own food. Organism that makes its own food. Also called an AUTOTROPH. Also called an AUTOTROPH. –auto = self –troph = food Example Example –plants –algae

25. Producer = Autotroph Change sunlight into a sugar called glucose (= food). Change sunlight into a sugar called glucose (= food). –Process is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. photo = light photo = light synthesis = to make synthesis = to make All photosynthetic organisms are producers / autotrophs. All photosynthetic organisms are producers / autotrophs.

26. Producer = Autotroph Organism that makes its own food. Organism that makes its own food.

27. Producer = Autotroph Organism that makes its own food. Organism that makes its own food.

28. Producer = Autotroph Organism that makes its own food. Organism that makes its own food.

29. Producer = Autotroph Organism that makes its own food. Organism that makes its own food. May also use chemical energy to make food. May also use chemical energy to make food. –Process is called chemosynthesis. chemo = chemical chemo = chemical synthesis = to make synthesis = to make

30. Consumer Organism that cannot make its own food. Organism that cannot make its own food. Consumes other organisms for food. Consumes other organisms for food. Also called a HETEROTROPH. Also called a HETEROTROPH. –hetero = other –troph = food Example: Example: –everything except for plants and algae –ALL predators are consumers

31. Consumer = Heterotroph Organism that cannot make its own food. Organism that cannot make its own food.

32. Consumer = Heterotroph Organism that cannot make its own food. Organism that cannot make its own food.

33. Consumer = Heterotroph Organism that cannot make its own food. Organism that cannot make its own food.

34. Types of Consumers Scavenger Scavenger Decomposer Decomposer Herbivore Herbivore Carnivore Carnivore Omnivore Omnivore

35. Scavenger Consumer who feeds on dead or decaying material. Consumer who feeds on dead or decaying material.

36. Scavenger

37. Scavenger

38. Decomposer Organism who feeds on dead organic material, which helps break down (decompose) organic material. Organism who feeds on dead organic material, which helps break down (decompose) organic material. Also called a saprophyte. Also called a saprophyte. Plays a very important role in recycling nutrients in the ecosystem. Plays a very important role in recycling nutrients in the ecosystem. –Ex. Fungi inhabit dead trees, getting energy from the tree and recycling nutrients from the tree into the soil.

39. Decomposer Organism who feeds on dead organic material, which helps break down (decompose) organic material. Organism who feeds on dead organic material, which helps break down (decompose) organic material.

40. Decomposer

41. Herbivore Consumer who feeds on plant material. Consumer who feeds on plant material. Herbivores feed ONLY on producers. Herbivores feed ONLY on producers.

42. Herbivore Consumer who feeds on plant material. Consumer who feeds on plant material. Herbivores feed ONLY on producers. Herbivores feed ONLY on producers.

43. Carnivore Consumer who feeds on other animals. Consumer who feeds on other animals. Carnivores NEVER feed on autotrophs. Carnivores NEVER feed on autotrophs.

44. Carnivore Consumer who feeds on other animals. Consumer who feeds on other animals. Carnivores NEVER feed on autotrophs. Carnivores NEVER feed on autotrophs.

45. Omnivore Consumer who feeds on BOTH plant and animal material. Consumer who feeds on BOTH plant and animal material.

46. Omnivore

47. Feeding Relationships- vocab. Food chain Food chain Primary producer Primary producer Secondary consumer Secondary consumer Food web Food web Primary consumer Primary consumer Trophic level Trophic level

48. Food Chain Series of organisms through which energy flows in an ecosystem. Series of organisms through which energy flows in an ecosystem. Each organism in the series eats or decomposes the preceding organism. Each organism in the series eats or decomposes the preceding organism.

49. Food Chain Series of organisms through which energy flows in an ecosystem. Series of organisms through which energy flows in an ecosystem. producer, autotroph consumer, heterotroph, herbivore

50. Food Web Complex interaction of all of the food chains in an ecosystem. Complex interaction of all of the food chains in an ecosystem. food chain + food chain… = food web food chain + food chain… = food web

51. Food Web

52. Primary Producer Organism who makes its own food. Organism who makes its own food. –Uses solar or chemical energy to make sugar. Any autotroph or producer. Any autotroph or producer.

53. Primary Consumer Organism who feeds directly on producers. Organism who feeds directly on producers. Primary consumer = herbivore Primary consumer = herbivore

54. Secondary Consumer Organism who feeds on primary consumers. Organism who feeds on primary consumers. Secondary consumer = carnivore or omnivore Secondary consumer = carnivore or omnivore

55. primary producer primary consumer secondary consumer

56. Trophic Level A trophic level describes a feeding level. A trophic level describes a feeding level. Trophic level number is determined by the number of “feeding steps” an organism is from the sun. Trophic level number is determined by the number of “feeding steps” an organism is from the sun.

57. primary producer primary consumer secondary consumer 1 st trophic level 3rd trophic level 2nd trophic level

58. 1st 2nd 2 nd & 3rd 3rd

59. Transfer of Energy Why do we eat? Why do we eat? Food provides energy needed to maintain daily activities. Food provides energy needed to maintain daily activities. When you eat, energy is transferred from your food to you. When you eat, energy is transferred from your food to you.

60. Energy Pyramid

61. Represents the transfer of energy between organisms. Represents the transfer of energy between organisms. primary producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer 1st 2nd 3rd 4th

62. Pyramid of Biomass

63. Pyramid of Numbers