1. Plan the flight, fly the plan
Flight Planning
Plan the flight, fly the plan
Whiz 1950 Phillies

2. Technique 1. Plot Course a. Get true course
b. Select checkpoints (9 – 22nm)
c. Start nav log
2- Weather briefing
a. Go/no-go decision
b. Adjust route if necessary
c. Select altitude
3- Performance Calculations
a. Wt/Bal
b. Takeoff/ldg dist
c. Time/fuel/dist to climb
d. Time/fuel in cruise
e. Complete nav log
4- File if desired and execute

3. Plot Course Find your true course
Using your plotter, draw a line from center of departure point to center of destination airport
Look for hazards along your route
Special Use Airspace
Terrain
Large bodies of water
Adjust course if necessary
Find your true course
Lay plotter down with top edge along route
Place center on a line of longitude
Read true course on East or West scale
Mark mileage in 5 or 10 mile intervals on your route
Example: SBN to SMD (Smith Field in Fort Wayne)

4. Checkpoint Selection What makes a good checkpoint? Precision
An intersection of two roads is more precise than the point where your course is supposed to intersect a road
Visibility
Radio towers make poor checkpoints because they are difficult to see from the air
Airports make great checkpoints because they are very easy to see from the air
Distinctiveness
Using a lake as a checkpoint when flying across New Mexico makes sense
Using a lake as a checkpoint when flying across east Texas increases your odds of mistakenly identifying your checkpoint

5. Checkpoint Selection Selecting the first checkpoint
Should be within 5-10 miles of departure point
Establishes your initial heading as correct
Additional checkpoints
Select additional checkpoints every 9 – 22 miles thereafter
Example:
I chose the following checkpoints:
Golden Dome / Basilica (initial point)
Bypass road south of Elkhart
Syracuse
Merriam

6. Weather Briefing Adjust route if necessary Select altitude
Get a weather briefing from an official source
1-800-WX-BRIEF
DUAT or DUATS
Make a go/no-go decision
“VFR flight not recommended”
Conditions beyond your ability
Winds
MVFR or IFR clouds and weather
Convective activity
Precipitation
Adjust route if necessary
Select altitude
Winds Aloft will inform this decision

7. Performance Calculations
Weight and Balance
Weight information will be required for performance calculations
Example: Assume max gross weight
Takeoff / Landing distance
Ensure your aircraft is capable of making it out of your departure airport and in/out of your destination airport

8. Performance Calculations
Time / Fuel / Distance to Climb
Cessna charts make this calculation very simple
Take value at your cruise altitude and subtract value from departure pressure altitude
Make approximations as appropriate
There is no need calculate to a level of precision beyond what is given in the chart
Therefore, find:
Time to the nearest minute
Fuel to the nearest tenth gallon
Distance to the nearest mile

9. Performance Calculations
Time / Fuel / Distance to Climb Example
Climb from SBN (799 ft) to 4,500 ft
Weather:
SBN 07010G15 10SM CLR 13/M02 A2997
Approximations
Difference between pressure alt. & true alt is 50 feet, negligible
Difference between SBN elevation and 1000 foot entries is negligible
Values for 4,500 feet (by interpolation)
Time: 7 min
Fuel: 1.7 (conservative estimates dictate rounding up)
Distance: 10 miles (only valid in zero wind)
Values for 1,000 feet
Time: 1 min
Fuel: 0.4 gal
Distance: 2 miles
Climb totals
Time: (7 – 1) = 6 minutes
Fuel ( ) = 1.3 (+ 1.1 for tax & takeoff) = 2.4 gal
Wind is nonzero, so note avg climb speed: 76 knots

10. Performance Calculations
Before we can complete nav log, we need to find our top of climb (TOC) & top of descent (TOD) points
Procedure
Use Winds Aloft to find groundspeed
Use time-to-climb to find distance
Example
Winds Aloft
FWA
For climb, use winds at 3000
Interpolate: winds at cruise altitude (4,500) are 020 at 16

11. Performance Calculations
E6-B
Turn to wind side
Set wind direction (040) opposite true index
Mark wind velocity (16) up from grommet
Set true course (123) opposite true index
Slide the TAS arc (76) under the wind dot
Read ground speed under grommet (72)
Read wind correction angle at wind dot (12 deg left)

12. Performance Calculations
Top of Climb point
Turn to computer side of E6-B
First question: How fast?
72 (our calculated groundspeed for the climb)
Earlier, we computed the climb would take 6 minutes
Read distance (7.2) above minute (6) scale
For the mathematically astute, 6 minutes is 1/10 of an hour, so the TOC distance is a tenth of our groundspeed

13. Performance Calculations
Top of Descent point
Figure a 500 foot per minute descent
From 4500 to 1800 (Traffic Pattern Altitude at SMD) is a 2700 foot descent, or 5.4 minutes
130 knots is a good descent airspeed in the 172
Use same winds (040 at 16)
Flip to wind side of E6-B
Wind dot is still valid; slide up to 130 knot TAS arc
Read groundspeed under grommet (127)
Read WCA under wind dot (7 deg left)
Flip to computer side of E6-B
How fast?
127 knots
Read descent distance (11.5 miles) over descent time (5.4 minutes)

14. Performance Calculations
Check cruise performance to find TAS and GPH en route
Plan on max continuous power setting (75% BHP)
Temperature is standard
500 foot difference on performance chart is negligible
Use 4000 foot data
KTAS is 114 knots
GPH is 8.6

15. Complete Nav Log Measure distances between each checkpoint
Don’t forget to factor in your TOC and TOD points
Fill in each checkpoint and leg distance
Compute cruising groundspeed
Find cruising wind correction angle
Apply magnetic variation
Find ETE between checkpoints
Find fuel consumption between checkpoints

16. Complete Nav Log Example: Find cruising ground speed
(Previously interpolated) winds are 020 at 16
Go to wind side of E6-B
Set wind direction (020) opposite true index
Mark wind velocity (16) up from grommet
Set true course (123) opposite true index
Slide TAS arc (114) under wind dot
Read groundspeed under grommet (116)
Read WCA under wind dot (8 deg left)

17. Complete Nav Log Apply WCA to True Course Apply magnetic variation
-L, +R
Apply magnetic variation
A check of the sectional indicates one isogonic line along route of flight, +5 deg W
-E, +W (East is least, West is best)
Result is magnetic heading
This is as far as we can go until we look at the compass card in the aircraft

18. Complete Nav Log Example (cont) Find ETE between checkpoints
Already computed ETE (6 min) and fuel consumption (2.4 gal) to TOC point
Fill values in on nav log
Flip to computer side of E6-B
How fast? 116 knots
Read ETE underneath distance
Round off to nearest minute
Find fuel consumption between checkpoints
E6-B
How fast? 8.6 GPH
Read fuel consumed over minutes scale
Round to nearest tenth gallon
Subtract en route fuel from total
Assume a full fuel load (53 gal)

19. File Flight Plan