1. Module 6: Water Supply and Waste Treatment

2. Issues Natural water Domestic water Sewage

3. Occurrence of Freshwater in the Arctic Glaciers and ice caps hold much of Arctic’s freshwater (Greenland’s ice cap contains 10% of world’s freshwater) Glaciers and accumulated snow in mountain feed Arctic rivers Many wetlands, ponds, and lakes Groundwater is scarce in permafrost areas

6. Freshwater Cycle

7. Key Characteristics of Arctic Freshwater Drastic cycles in lakes and rivers each year –Thick or solid ice in winter  high water flow in spring (can be destructive) In areas dominated by vegetation, freshwater carries high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) –E.g. humic and fulvic acids (colour the water) Supports an array of flora and fauna in sediment and water column (bacteria, protists, algae, micro-invertebrates) Essential habitat for freshwater fish (few in Arctic), anadromous fish, waterfowl, mammals Part of the freshwater food web that recycles carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, and other nutrients

8. Overview Impacts on aquatic receiving environment Import of nutrients to marine environment Import of toxicants to marine environment Barrier to fish migration

10. Mackenzie River Delta

14. Concepts Acid rain Rainfall with a pH of less than 7.0 (in practical terms, <5.0). Rain + Sulphur Dioxide Same as acid deposition Effects are a function of the pH buffering capacity of the environment.

15. Concepts Nutrients As a pollutant, any element or compound, such as phosphorous or nitrogen, that fuels abnormally high organic growth in aquatic systems (i.e. eutrophication). As a fertilizer, any element or compound, principally P, N, K, S, that are limited in availability, hence influence plant growth (e.g. algae) in water Note: Can be used to precipitate pollutants in algae through long-term sedimentation.

16. Concepts Effluents The sewage or industrial liquid waste that is released into natural water by sewage treatment plants or structures to treat industrial water (including mine water) Receiving waters A river, lake, ocean, etc., into which waste water or treated effluent is discharged

17. Drinking Water in the North Issues Wells for extracting ground water is not an option Underground water lines in permafrost require insulation; installation of such infrastructure is a challenge Reservoirs are above ground and insulated Quality drinking water is generally available

18. Sanitation of Water Inadequate sanitation may lead to: Gastrointestinal illness Hepatitis A Bronchitis Meningitis Other bacterial infection Skin and eye diseases Note: lack of running water has consequences in terms of poor hygiene

21. Concepts Drinking Water: Water intended for human consumption but which has other household uses

22. Best Practices Prevention of the contamination of water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater sources) Treatment of water Proper maintenance of water distribution systems Regular monitoring of drinking water Public education and awareness (especially for “in house” water distribution)

25. Waste Water Sewage Liquid waste from toilets, baths and showers, kitchens, that is disposed via sewers, trucking, or on site treatment systems Industrial Waste Water Waste water from industries of mines. Generally involves some on site processing

26. Treatment Stages Primary: Mechanical treatment to reduce coarse solids, sand and dirt, oils and grease Note: Ideal as pre-treatment or for treating “surface” water (e.g. street water) Note: Involves screening, sedimentation, skimming

27. Treatment Stages Secondary: Treatments designed to degrade biological content of sewage (e.g. human waste, food waste) through aerobic biological processes Note: Require aeration for bacterial and protozoan activities to degrade organic compounds Note: Effluent water and sludge are by-products

28. Treatment Stages Tertiary: Advanced stages of treatment to raise the effluent quality to the standard required before it is discharged to the receiving environment Potential steps: Filtration, polishing, ponding (lagoons, wetlands), nutrient removal, disinfection. Note: Industrial contaminants remain an issue.

30. Primary Sewage Treatment

31. Common Options for Secondary Sewage Treatment Treatment Process DescriptionKey Features Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Oxygen is mechanically supplied to bacteria which feed on organic material and provide treatment Sophisticated process – many mechanical & electrical parts, needs careful control of operator; provides high degree of treatment. Aerated lagoons Like lagoons but with mechanical aeration Not very common; oxygen requirement mostly from aeration and hence more complicated and higher operational and maintenance costs. Land Treatment (soil –aquifer treatment – SAT) Sewage is supplied in controlled conditions to the soil Soil matrix has quite a high capacity for treatment of normal domestic sewage, as long as capacity is not exceeded. Some pollutants, such as P, are not easily removed.

33. Issues for Arctic Environments Small communities cannot support extensive sewage treatments Storage tanks and transfer sites (closed to houses) are sources of contamination Overland treatment of raw sewage is often the only approach to treat sewage Nutrient loading and sewage-based contaminants are key issues Leaching into the marine environment

34. LAGOON 1 LAGOON 2 LAGOON 3 PUMP SYSTEM OVERLAND FLOW AREA Arviat, Nunavut