1. Importance of Conceptual Scoring to Language Assessment in Bilingual Children 2011 ASHA Convention, San Diego, CA November 19, 2011 Shannon Wang, M.A., CCC-SLP Nancy Castilleja, M.A., CCC-SLP Marie Sepulveda, M.S., CCC-SLP Mark H. Daniel, Ph.D.

2. Agenda Overview: Assessing bilingual children Conceptual score approach to language assessment Data collection Research results

3. Overview: Assessing Bilingual Children IDEIA Statute: Reduce the inappropriate over-identification of children, especially minority and limited English-proficient children, as having a disability. Statute: Title 1.D.664.b.2.D.vii

4. Normal bilingual phenomena can look similar to a disorder to those unfamiliar with 2 nd language acquisition Some typical characteristics of bilingual speakers in the U.S. Arrest: The level of proficiency in the language does not change. Attrition: Language loss and language forgetting Avoidance: Specific element of a language is not used Language non use (silent period): a language is not used for communication purposes Overgeneralization: a language rule is applied in an unrestricted fashion Language transfer: phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and/or pragmatic characteristic is used in another language Fossilization: an inaccurate rule stabilizes to the point of continual usage (Region 4 Educational Service Center, 2005) Result: Bilingual children often misdiagnosed Low test scores in both Spanish and English

5. Assessing Bilingual Abilities “The lower vocabulary of bilinguals at certain stages of development may have nothing to do with handicaps or dominance questions but probably more with a smaller variety of linguistic input in each language taken separately.” Hugo Baetens-Beardsmore, 1986 Assessing vocabulary in bilingual children: best practice is to test both languages H. Kayser, 1989; H. W. Langdon, 1989

6. Conceptual Scoring “Conceptual scoring” is scoring the meaning of a response regardless of the language in which it is produced. B. Pearson, S. Fernandez, & D.K. Oller, 1993 Bilingual children benefit from conceptual scoring, especially when tested in Spanish L. Bedore, E. Peña, M. Garcia, & C. Cortez, 2005 Different ways of combining test scores across languages were tested— combining scores across two languages in a composite or selecting combinations of better task or language performance to use as a basis for decision-making…Classification can be more accurate when scores in both language are used systematically for decision-making. E. Peña and L. Bedore, 2011

7. Conceptual Scoring ---> Dual Language Score “Conceptual scoring” is based on literature examining semantic language development (vocabulary and other semantic skills). PLS-5 Spanish targets oral language (semantic and morphosyntactic skills) and early academic skills.

8. Does the dual language score approach provide a more valid representation of a bilingual child’s language skills? Studies Examining a Dual Language Approach for PLS-5 Spanish PLS–4 Spanish bilingual pilot study PLS–5 Spanish bilingual tryout study bilingual standardization study

9. Development of a dual-language scoring procedure Bilingual expert panel – Hortencia Kayser, Ph.D. – Henriette Langdon, Ph.D. – Elizabeth Peña, Ph.D. Developed PLS–4 Spanish English Record Form supplement Administered PLS–4 Spanish to participants After administration of the PLS-4 Spanish, items the child missed in Spanish were re-administered in English PLS–4 Spanish Bilingual Pilot Study

10. Participants n=28 Ages 3:7-6:10 Countries of origin – Mexico – Caribbean – Central & South America Caregiver education level – 11 th grade or less 37% – High school graduate or GED 22% – 1–3 years of college or technical school 22% – 4 or more years of college 19%

11. Fluency in Spanish Exposure to Spanish Primary caregiver speaks Spanish to child Child is Spanish-English bilingual Child may be enrolled in bilingual classes Language comprehension Understands Spanish and a little English OR Understands both Spanish and English OR Understands some concepts only in Spanish and some only in English Language expression Speaks Spanish, a little English OR Speaks both Spanish and English PLS–4 Spanish Bilingual Pilot Study

12. Results 93% received additional points in AC Score difference range: 0 to 6 points (mean = 2.9) 75% received additional points in EC Score difference range: 0 to 13 (mean = 3 points) 32% of sample earned scores that moved from language-disordered range of performance to typically developing range PLS–4 Spanish Bilingual Pilot Study

13. PLS–5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study Participants n=200 Ages 2:0 through 7:11 DiagnosisTD: n = 166 NonTD: n = 34

14. PLS–5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study Criteria for Language Disorder Inclusionary Criteria Diagnosed with a moderate to severe language disorder (< 77 on standardized test) in either receptive language, expressive language or both OR Diagnosis based on non-standardized tests results; plus statement provided by clinician indicating a moderate to severe language disorder Must be enrolled in language therapy

15. PLS–5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study Criteria for Language Disorder (cont.) Exclusionary Criteria history of hearing impairment, middle ear infections/ otitis media/PE tubes, or hearing aids phonological disorder verbal apraxia or dyspraxia, or exhibits deletions of final sounds or syllables Exceptions – aspirated final /s/, common in a Puerto Rican dialect – Consistently substitutes final /s/ with another phoneme

16. PLS-5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study: Sample Demographics

17. PLS–5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study Method PLS-5 Spanish Tryout edition Items were administered in Spanish first Any items missed in Spanish were re-administered in English Items were scored based on: Spanish performance Spanish-English performance (dual language scoring) Data analysis compared Spanish-only scores and Spanish- English scores

18. PLS–5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study Findings Gain from dual language scoring Beneficial for children ages 4:0-7:11 Strongly related to rated proficiency in English (Children with “little English” show little gain) No relationship to caregiver education level No relationship to whether or not the child is typically developing For children 2:0-3:11 Children still in the early language acquisition process There was not the same pattern of gains with dual language scoring as with older children

19. PLS–5 Spanish Bilingual Tryout Study Findings (continued) Children with typical language development showed equal gains in academic and non-academic language Children with a language disorder showed greater gains in non-academic language

20. PLS-5 Spanish Standardization: Dual Language Study Bilingual Children’s Levels of Fluency in Spanish and English Primarily Spanish speaker with some English abilities Bilingual Spanish-English speaker

21. Language Comprehension in Spanish 1. Child understands Spanish, but no English [monolingual] 2. Child understands Spanish and a little English [bilingual] 3. Child understands both Spanish and English [bilingual] 4. Child understands some concepts in Spanish and some in English (e.g., home concepts in Spanish; school concepts in English) [bilingual] 5. Child understands English and some Spanish [not included in sample] 6. Child does not understand Spanish; only understands English [not included in sample]

22. Expressive Language in Spanish 1. Child converses in Spanish, speaks no English [monolingual] 2. Child converses fluently Spanish and speaks Spanish most of the time. He or she speaks a little English [bilingual] 3. Child converses fluently in both Spanish and English [bilingual] 4. Child converses fluently in English and speaks English most of the time. He or she speaks a little Spanish. [not included in sample] 5. Child converses fluently in English; speaks no Spanish [not included in sample]

23. Exposure to Spanish Almost always: [monolingual] Interacts in a Spanish speaking environment only Leisure activities in Spanish Speaks Spanish with family and friends Often: [bilingual] interacts in both Spanish and English environments may prefer to speak Spanish with friends and family OR may switch languages without a preference for either Occasionally: [bilingual] Interacts with friends or family members who speak Spanish only Speaks Spanish but prefers English with family and friends Seldom or Almost Never [not included in the study] Interacts with friends or family members who speak Spanish only, but do not live in child’s home (seen infrequently) Communicates a few messages in Spanish

24. Dual Language STDZ Study: Length of Time Residing in the U.S. * 17% did not report length of time in the U.S. 0-11 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years 5 or more Years Born in the U.S. 83% of the children living in the U.S. were born in the U.S. or have lived in the U.S. for more than 5 years

25. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language Standardization Study: Overview Field Research PLS-5 Spanish Standardization edition – Items were administered in Spanish first – Any items missed in Spanish were re-administered in English Scoring Items were scored based on: – Spanish performance – Spanish-English performance (dual language scoring) Data Analysis Data analysis compared Spanish scores to Spanish-English scores

26. Dual Language Record Form (Draft)

33. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Bilingual and Monolingual Samples

34. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples: Age and Gender

35. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples: Caregiver Education

36. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples: Region

37. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples: Country of Origin

38. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples Ages 0-2

40. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples Ages 3-5

42. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Monolingual and Bilingual Samples Ages 6-7

44. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Norm Sample (includes a representative number of clinical cases)

45. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method and Fluency Group (Norm Sample) Ages 0-2

47. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method and Fluency Group (Norm Sample) Ages 3-5

49. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method and Fluency Group (Norm Sample) Ages 6-7

51. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Clinical Samples

52. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: Age and Gender

53. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: Caregiver Education

54. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: Region

55. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples: Country of Origin

56. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples Expressive Language Disorder Note: All clinical vs. nonclinical differences are statistically significant (p <.001).

57. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples Expressive Language Disorder

58. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples Receptive Language Disorder Note: All clinical vs. nonclinical differences are statistically significant (p <.001).

59. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples Receptive Language Disorder

60. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples Expressive & Receptive Language Disorder Note: All clinical vs. nonclinical differences are statistically significant (p <.001).

61. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study Standard Score by Administration Method: Matched Clinical and Nonclinical Samples Expressive & Receptive Language Disorder

62. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study 1. Little effect of dual-language scoring below age 3.

63. PLS–5 Spanish Dual Language STDZ Study 1. Little effect of dual-language scoring below age 3. 2. Nevertheless, dual-language scoring significantly raised the average standard scores of bilingual children. Children who primarily speak Spanish but know some English had a smaller increase than children who are more fully bilingual.

64. PLS–5 Spanish Standardization: Dual Language STDZ Study 1. Little effect of dual-language scoring below age 3. 2. Nevertheless, dual-language scoring significantly raised the average standard scores of bilingual children. Children who primarily speak Spanish but know some English had a smaller increase than children who are more fully bilingual. 3. Dual-language scoring did not affect the scores of children with language disorders.

65. Testing in Spanish and English: Dominance and Proficiency “The concept of a ‘dominant’ language is losing favor as there is more evidence that proficiency in two languages occur on a continuum, with individuals being able to understand or express some concepts better in one language and others in another language.” (Peña, Bedore, & Zlatic-Giunta, 2002) “…notions such as proficiency and dominance are moving targets altered with differences in tasks, topics, and demands” (Goldstein, 2004)

66. Testing in Spanish and English: Dominance and Proficiency “Language proficiency measurement is not as concerned as to which language is stronger or dominant, but rather its goal is to provide a description of the language development of the child in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. (Kayser, 2001)

67. References Baetens-Beardsmore, H. (1986). Bilingualism: Basic Principles (2 nd Ed.). San Diego, CA: College-Hill Press. Bedore, L., Peña, E., Garcia, M., & Cortez, C. (2005). Conceptual vs. monolingual scoring: when does it make a difference?. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 36, 188-200. Kayser, H.R. (1989). Speech and language assessment of Spanish-English Speaking Children. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in the Schools, 20 (3), 226-244. Kayser, H. (2001) “Assessing Language Proficiency and Language Dominance.” From the Hart. October 2001. Bilingual Therapies, Inc. http://www.bilingualtherapies.com/kayser-newsletter/2001/assessinglanguage- proficiency-and-language-dominance/ Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA), Public Law 108-446 (2004.) 118 Stat. 2647 (2004)

68. References (continued) Langdon, H.W. (1989). Language Disorder or Difference? Assessing the Language Skills of Hispanic Students. Exceptional Children, 56 (2). Pearson, B., Fernandez, S. & Oller, D. K. (1993). Lexical development in bilingual infants and toddlers: comparison to monolingual norms. Language Learning, 43 (1), 93-120. Peña, E.D. & Bedore, L.M. (2011). “It takes two: improving assessment accuracy in bilingual children. ASHA Leader, 16 (13), 20-22. Peña, E., Bedore, L., Zlatic-Giunta, R. (2002) Category-Generation Performance of Bilingual Children: The Influence of Condition Category and Language. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 45, 938- 947. Region 4 Educational Service Center (2005). Houston, TX (Author).

69. Contact Information Shannon Wang Senior Research Director shannon.wang@pearson.com Nancy Castilleja Senior Product Manager nancy.castilleja@pearson.com Marie Sepulveda Research Director marie.sepulveda@pearson.com Mark Daniel Senior Scientist for Research Innovation mark.daniel@pearson.com