1. Immunity : The Immune system plays a role in combating infection, creating inflammation (& consequently heart disease), controlling (or not) cancer and in auto-immune diseases. Immune modulator molecules or cytokines and leukotrienes which are produced by the immune system can interact with most cells of the body The immune system consists of organs, vessels, and cells that can be specific to a particular organism or “antigen” or non- specific. Some cells can identify foreign or damaged cells or microbes, others can kill in various ways.

2. Organs and cells of the Immune System Organs of the immune system include the bone marrow where white blood cells are differentiated, the lymphoid organs (spleen, tonsils, appendix, lymph nodes) where lymphocytes live, and he lymphatic vessels where lymph is found. Cells of the immune system include lymphocytes (many types), other white blood cells (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils), macrophages (found everywhere), and other dendritic cells.

3. Non-Specific immunity

4. White Blood cells Lymphocytes of the immune system in transit (20%) Macrophages (the “eaters” of the immune system in transit) as monocytes (8%) Neutrophils one of he best “eaters” of bacteria (70%) They leave blood vessels under signals from other immune system cells like macrophages Other cells of the immune system such as basophils and eosinophils which has granules in their cytoplasm they can exocytose containing heparin and histamine (basophils) or toxic lysosome contents (eosinophils)

5. The lymphatic system is the body’s surveillance system. It is made up of lymph nodes connected by vessels that have lymph flowing in them, and lymphoid organs. The Lymphatic System

6. Lymph enters the vessels in the tissues all over the body as more plasma leaves arteries than enters veins.

7. Lymph vessels have valves to prevent backflow

8. In addition to lymph nodes there are other lymphoid tissues that guard entry or transition such as tonsils or appendix

9. The spleen filters blood through lymphocytic tissue and also through screening for red blood cell damage or decay

10. Thymus is a gland that is larger in children--- it matures T- cells

11. Lymph nodes have entry and exit vessels and pathways where the fluid flows through large numbers of lymphocytes

12. Lymphocytes: cells of the specific immune system Surveillance, intelligence, antibody production and cytotoxic killers Three main types of lymphocytes are T-cells and B-cells. 10% are NK cells 15% are B-cells make antibodies 80% T-cells are cytotoxic killer cells, control of the immune response (suppressor T-cells), and the coordinators of the immune response (helper T-cells)

14. Lymphocytes are made in bone marrow from stem cells and matured either in bone marrow (B-cells) or in the thymus (T-cells)

15. Membrane Proteins and Lymphocytes All cells make proteins called major histocompatitibity proteins (MHC) that pick up fragments of peptides and places them in the membrane. This allows the immune system to recognize that the cell is (a) self and (b) normal, not infected, malignant or damaged.

16. Membrane Proteins and Lymphocytes Some cells, such as macrophages, can eat bacteria or other microbes and break them up. They make MHC Class II proteins which can “present” the antigen in the membrane for lymphocytes to “see” it.

17. Lymphocytes (1) Natural Killer cells

18. Lymphocytes (2) Antibody producing B-cells B-cells have receptors (IgD) in their membranes where they can bind antigens. An antigen is a small fragment of a protein or lipoprotein from an organism or other invader (or from a cat saliva protein) The B-cell takes in the antigen and makes an MHC class II protein containing the antigen that can then be “presented” to a helper T-cell which will confirm that it is an invader or other undesirable

20. B-cell Activation to make antibodies, another view

21. Antibodies: what can they do?

22. Figure 14.13c

23. Figure 14.13e

24. Table 14.2

25. Figure 14.14

26. Lymphocytes (3) T-cells There are 2 main types of T-cells identified by membrane markers CD4 and CD8. All T-cells and B-cells make memory cells CD8 T-cells are killer T-cells and suppressor T-cells CD4 T-cells are Helper T-cells

27. CD8 T-cells

28. CD8 cells activation

30. CD4 T-cells

31. CD4 cell activation

32. Helper T- cells coordinate the immune response

33. Overview of the Immune Response

34. Fig. 22-25, p. 796

35. Response to infection

36. How Vaccines work Exposure to a part of an organism, an attenuated organism or a tiny dose of live organism stimulates the immune system to form memory cells Some response needs more than one exposure to get good coverage (examples are hepatitis B, human papilloma virus)

37. Fig. 22-22a, p. 794

38. Fig. 22-22b, p. 794

39. Fig. 22-26, p. 801 Mechanism of Allergy and Anaphylaxis