1. FAscism
AP World History

2. Fascism – Democracy Denied
World War I causes Europeans to distrust democracy
Communism
Fascism
Communism and fascism struggle for control over many European countries
European countries, especially Germany, are desperate for relief of many ills.

3. Fascism Fascism – “State above All”
Intensely nationalistic, conservative, reactionary
Sought to revitalize their countries through any means necessary
Encouraged violence against enemies
Relied on charismatic leaders, oppression, propoganda,and theatrics to lead
Condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, democracy and especially communism
All these isms “divided and weakened nations”

4. Fascism
Fascist parties existed throughout Europe but most powerful in Spain, Italy, and especially Germany

5. Fascism in Italy
Social order threatened (conservative landlords, factory working class, veterans, communists, socialists, oh my!)
Benito Mussolini : “Il Duce”
Charismatic – promised order, removal of communists
Private army (Black Shirts)
Oppression
violence
“the trains run on time”

6. Fascism in Italy State control, state power Democracy suspended
Opponents “went away” – deported, imprisoned, executed
Political parties, unions, peasant groups disbanded
Economically – corporate state – make what state needs
Culturally looked back to a “pure”, traditional Italian life
Catholic culture
Women as domestic beings, purpose to bear more children for state

8. Fascism in Germany – The Nazis
The Rise of Hitler and the National Socialists (Nazis)
Weimar Republic a disaster, economy terrible
Elites attacked democratic politicians and blamed them for Germany’s problems
Workers facing massive unemployment
Elite and middle class conservatives turn toward fascism
Urban workers turn toward communism and socialism
Communists vs. Fascists

10. Fascism in Germany – The Nazis
Nazi Party – intensely nationalistic –
Germany was not only great, but her people racially superior
Claimed Germany’s problems were the fault of enemies within (Jews, among others) and enemies without (Britain, France, US)
Treaty of Versailles
Used depression to garner support

11. Fascism in Germany – The Nazis
Hitler comes to power democratically
Policies did bring Germany out of depression
Keynesian infrastructure projects
Rearmament
Unemployment in 1932 – 6.2 million
<500,000

13. Fascism in Germany – The Nazis
Hitler, like Mussolini
Brown and Black Shirts
Charismatic
Invoked traditional imagery and
values
Hitler, unlike Mussolini
Intensely anti-Semitic
Jews as urban, capitalist, and
foreign- all things good Germans were not

18. Fascism in Germany – The Nazis
Hitler achieved power democratically
Once elected, claimed dictatorial power “Der Fuhrer”
Scientific racism
Increasingly restricted Jewish life
Nuremberg Laws (1935)
Kristallnacht (1938)
German race, folk culture celebrated through theatrical rallies, etc

22. Fascism in Japan Like Italy and Germany Limited democratic experience
Struggled with unionization, women’s rights, in 1920s
Rice Riot 1918
Conflict between communism and right wing
Great Depression
Massive unemployment (urban)
Japanese doubt parliamentary democracy

23. Fascism in Japan Like Italy and Germany Move to right wing
Radical Nationalism or Revolutionary Right
Appealed to younger army officers
Nationalistic, anti democracy, dedicated to foreign expansion
Turned to large scale public works to bring Japan out of depression
Interested in empire building

24. Fascism in Japan Unlike Italy and Germany
No major fascist party emerged
No charismatic leader like Mussolini or Hitler
Japanese government institutions and traditional beliefs were strong enough to prevent fascist takeover

25. Fascism in Japan Military played a dominant role in Japan
Focus on military might (martial arts in school)
deep, long-lasting respect for military
But even military did not govern alone

26. Fascism in Japan
Did not reach the level of totalitarianism of Germany or Italy
Political prisoners were few, no executions or deportations
Racial purity was directed against foreigners, not internal minority