1. Nazi Propaganda
“The task of propaganda is not to make an objective study of the truth…but to convince the masses.
-Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf
“Propaganda must be limited to a very few points and must harp on these slogans until the last member of the public understands what you want him to understand by your slogan” Adolf Hitler
Hitler justified every escalation of persecution against the Jews as a response to what he alleged was a prior act of aggression by international Jewry. The propaganda of the Nazi party presented Hitler and Germany as merely responding to the initiatives, injustices, and threats of others. From 1933 to 1939, the translation of anti-Semitic ideology into a policy of persecution was presented as a justified response to what the Jews had done to Germany and to Germans.

2. Nazi Propaganda What is propaganda?
Propaganda is biased information designed to shape public opinion and behavior.
Nazi propaganda consisted of negative and positive propaganda. The negative propaganda dwelled on the dangers of the “enemies of the state”, Jews in particular.
The positive forms of propaganda stressed the greatness of the German Reich and its “Aryan” population.

3. Hitler’s propaganda experience?
Opera’s of Richard Wagner
Georg Ritter von Schoenerer, leader of the Austrian Pan-German party
Karl Lueger, Vienna’s Christian Social mayor
World War I- Hitler’s praised the skill of enemy propagandists
Hitler was first enthralled by ancient German myth’s and German theater, especially the opera’s of Richard Wagner. The intense emotional power of myth in those operas, combined with dramatic music, staging, and lighting appealed to Hitler. He later incorporated this into the political events, meetings and rallies that he staged.
Georg Ritter von Schoenerer, leader of the Austrian Pan-German party, used his “cult of the leader” ideas
His portrait adorned shop windows
Was referred to as Fuhrer
Used the Heil (Hail) greeting
Distribution of party newspapers to taverns
Karl Lueger, Vienna’s Christian Social mayor
Used mass meetings marked with militaristic and quasi-religious trappings
His Christian Social Party extended its reach by creating affliated groups for women, teachers, and youth
Said the press was a tool of Jewish influence
City government distributed antisemitic children books
Used violence and fear to intimidate political opponents and Jews
World War I
Felt British and American propagandists had succeeded, where Germany did not
Content was emotional and simple
Concentrated on a few points
Demonized the enemy (Hate the Hun)
By representing the German’s as barbaric and Huns they prepared the individual soldier for the horrors of war
It helped to maintain popular support by implying the war was morally justifiable
Atrocity stories of the Germans were widely disseminated, although not true, helped to demonize the enemy (Germans cut off hands of Belgian children.
Germans and Austrian’s made their enemies look rediculous and actual contact with an enemy was bound to arouse a different conviction

4. World War I Propaganda
Each of the belligerent governments created an official propaganda agency to sell its messages to its own population, to the enemy, and to neutral counties.
German military was placed in charge of government propaganda, where in other countries it was handled by civilians
British government used writes such as Rudyard Kipling and H.G. Wells
President Wilson chose former muckraking journalist George Creel to head the propaganda agency in the United States, the Committee on Public Information.
A German poet and art educator, Fredinand Avenarius, exposed how French propagandists falsified photographs by changing captions and doctoring images of Russian pogroms against Jews to portray then as German atrocities. The manipulation of photo captions and images later became a standard tool of the Nazi’s. k

5. The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Strategy
Hitler joins German Workers Party
Encourages leaders to take out ads and promote meetings
Organizes mass meetings
Hitler becomes propaganda director
Creates the party’s flag
Has ancient roots with Hindu’s in Italy
Hitler invoked the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles and rejected the Weimar Republic and developed the myth that Germany’s “internal enemies” Social Democrats, liberals, pacifists, and Jews- had “stabbed the country in the back” just as Germany was on the verge of military victory.
Looking for a convenient scapegoat, right-wing politicians charged that Jews were shriking their military duty. (12,000 Jews actually died at the front fighting for Germany) but this fact was not publicized, further fanning the flames of antisemitism.
Hitler joins German Worker’s Party in Sept It had only been in existence since January. Encouraged leaders to take out ads in local newspapers and distribute leaflets to promote meetings. Feb. 24, 1920, he organized the party’s first mass meeting. His influence rises
Better to have no meeting than a poorly run meeting. A small hall packed with people was better than a large hall half empty.
Hitler purchases newspaper Volkischer Beobachter (People’s Observer) to announce meetings and news.
As propaganda director, Hitler created party’s flag. Keeps the red, white, and black colors of Imperial Germany. Used black swastika on white disc against field of red. The crooked cross has ancient roots from the Hindus of India, to Native Americans, to contemporary associations with German and Austrian right wing groups.

6. The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Strategy
Swastika is closely associated with the “Aryan” civilization in India. (referring to the Indo-European settlers in contrast to the indigenous population). The swastika was taken by those groups to represent the racial superiority of the Aryans whom the equate with Nordic or German-blooded people, in contrast to Jews and other minorities.
Hitler wrote, “In red we see the social idea of the movement, in white the nationalistic idea, in the swastika the mission of the struggle for the victory of the Aryan man.”

7. The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Strategy
Hitler’s ideas were not particularly new, what was new was the attention he paid to presentation, how he said something rather than what he said.
Hitler’s salute came from Mussolini’s Fascists which they borrowed from the ancient Romans
He also modeled his brown shirts on Mussolini’s black shirts
Hitler believed that unlike newspaper, film or even radio, a speaker appearing before an audience could for a direct and personal contact with the listener. As an orator, Hitler fed off the emotions of the crowd.
His speeches were staged and choreographed. A warm-up speaker would build up excitement.
When Hitler was released from Landsberg prison, he was banned from giving public speeches until During that time, he penned articles for the Nazi press.
As an astute politician, Hitler understood that to gain respect as a national leader, he had to temporarily suppress some of his anti-Jewish rhetoric.
Rather than emphasizing a concrete strategy for solving Germany’s problems, the Nazi’s preferred to keep their plans broad.
Germans voted for Hitler for a variety of reasons, it offered something for just about everyone. Through propaganda, the party presented itself as the only viable political alternative. They emphasized an optomistic message. The party’s underlying antisemitic message did not stop millions of Germans from voting for them. Many Germans may have overlooked the party’s antisemitism, thought it would disappear over time, or ignored it because it didn’t affect them.

8. The Success of Nazi Propaganda
Nazi party leaders provoked Communist and Social Democrat violence by marching the SA storm troopers into working class neighborhoods where they had strongholds.
In the final years of the Weimar Republic, there was a lot of street violence. Election campaigns seemed to stimulate this street violence. In the final ten days of the July 1932 elections Prussian authorities reported 300 acts of violence, 24 dead and almost 300 injured.
Nazi party leaders provoked this violence by marching the SA storm troopers into areas where Communists and Social Democrats had strongholds and then invoke the heroism of the Nazi “martyrs” who were injured or killed in these battles.
Horst Wessel song was named for a 23 year old storm trooper who was killed in one of these skirmishes. It became the Nazi hymn.
The SA was protrayed as a heroic group who were combatting violence and Marxism. This helped increase membership in SA units which expanded in Berlin from 450 in 1926 to over 32,000 by Jan
By attacking socialists and Communist organizations while avoiding direct confrontation with police, army or government agencies they gained respectability and votes.
Hitler was one of three candidates in July 1932 and had a real chance to win. Social Democrats and Centre Party threw their support behind Paul von Hindenberg, who won over Hitler with 53% of vote.

9. Hitler Appointed Chancellor
Goebbels, who we will talk about soon, organized Hitler’s election campaigns of 1930 and including “Hitler Over Germany”.
Although the Nazi party made astounded electoral success in the final years of the Weimar Republic, it never managed to win a majority of votes in any national election. In November 6, 1932, the Nazi party won 2 million fewer votes than they did in It remained the country’s largest political party, but it did not have enough electoral votes to a parliamentary majority or national government.
Nazi victory ultimately depended less on the strength of its propaganda than on the willingness of the President Hindenburg and those surrounding him to appoint Hitler to the office of chancellor, which occurred on Jan. 30, 1933.
The Nazi’s themselves considered this “period of struggle” as the golden era of their propaganda success. During the bleakest hours of WWII, Goebbels urged fellow party members to return to the spirit and triumph of Weimar years.

10. Otto Dietrich
Nazi Party Press Chief

11. Joseph Goebbels Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
The Nazis claimed that the Jews were experts at camouflage and that as a result a massive effort at “public enlightenment” was needed to expose them and their aim of world domination. If not identified and destroyed, the Nazi propagandist feared, Jewry would annihilate the German people. As a result, Hitler and his associates publicly declared on numerous occasions that they would “exterminate” Jews before the Jews could exterminate Germans.
He left nothing to chance. He controlled every word heard over the radio or read in the newspaper or magazine. The control went way beyond censorship. He issued daily instructions on what to say and how to say it.
Goebbels' office was in an old palace in Berlin, with thirty-two regional offices. He founded the Reich Chamber of Culture. The chamber had seven departments- literature, theater, music, film, fine arts, the press, and radio. Anyone who produced, distributed, or sold any kind of culture had to join one of these departments and obey the orders of the office. Of course, Jews were not allowed to join, most non-Aryans could not join, and all enemies of Hitler were excluded. Without a liscense to practice, Jewish artists and writers could no longer sell their work, publish their books, or make their films. Jewish newspapers and magazines were outlawed and no Jewish voice was heard on the radio.
The task of translating ideology into a coherent narrative of events for the news took place in the Propaganda Ministry. On a daily basis this office gave orders to the press about how to narrate ongoing events. Although the thousands of orders given to the controlled press came to light at Otto Dietrich’s trial in Nuremberg after they war, they have only played a modest role in scholarly accounts. Though Goebbels obviously played a central role in the history of Nazi propaganda, he did not play the key role in the purging and control of the daily and periodical press. This task was carried out by the Reich Press Chief, Otto Dietrich. Dietrich, unlike Goebbels, worked in Hitler’s office every day and gave the Fuhrer a summary of international news every morning. Dietrich then conveyed to his staff in Berlin Hitler’s suggestions and wishes about what the German press should write or not write. During the course of the war, tens of thousands of confidential “press directives” were communicated orally and in written form at a daily press conference in Berlin. These orders, compliance with which was compulsory, were then conveyed to several thousand newspapers and periodicals.
Goebbels was crucial to the Antisemitic campaigns in many ways, but he did not control the press. With Goebbels and Hitler conveniently dead, Dietrich’s lawyer sought to place Goebbels at the the center of press control and to minimize his clients involvement. Unfortunately for Dietrich, he left an extensive paper trail of speeches and books extolling his close and important relationship with Hitler and elaborating on the tasks of the press under Nazism.

12. Nazi Propaganda
The Nazi’s quickly recognized the value of the media. From the early days of the party they used aggressive advertising to promote the nazi ideology
Goebbels was in charge of ‘enlightening’ the German public
no one method of Propaganda is successful in isolation
The frequency of broadcasts and number of public images must be emphasised
Analysis of how the combined media onslaught would influence the opinions of ordinary Germans is necessary for a high level response

13. Book Burnings
Nazi students unload confiscated materials for the public book burning that is to take place on the Opernplatz in Berlin. The banner on the back of the truck reads: "German students march against the un-German spirit."
Alfred Rosenberg, who once was the editor of the official Nazi newspaper, was a fanatical Anti-Semite. He ran an organization called the Fighting League for German Culture, which censored and eliminated from all media any viewpoints they felt threatened Nazi beliefs or the regime. On the night of May 10, 1933, Nazis raided libraries and bookstores across Germany. They marched by torchlight in nighttime parades, sang chants, and threw books into huge bonfires.On that night more than 25,000 books were burned.
Some were works of Jewish writers, including Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud. Most of the books were by non-Jewish writers, including such famous authors as Jack London, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, and Hellen Keller, whose ideas the Nazis viewed as different from their own and therefore not to be read. Thomas Mann, the German Nobel Prize winner, had written favorably of the Jews. Others were simple too liberal or were too communistic. Nearly 2,500 writers fled the country after the first round of book burinings.
Goebbels blacklisted more than 12,400 titiles, all of which were removed from libraries and confiscated from bookstores. Using propaganda and advertising, they made Mein Kampf into a national bestseller with almost 6.2 million copies sold.

14. Book Burnings
Link to Book Burnings

15. Nazi Propaganda: Methods
Word of the Week
Posters
Radio
Film
Newspapers
Every week from 1937 to spring 1943, an estimated 125,000 copies of black and white or color wall newspapers were displayed in the nooks and crannies of everyday life. Posted in metro stations, bus stops, payroll offices, hospital waiting rooms, factory cafeterias, hotels, post offices, train stations, schools and street kiosks.
The predominant forms of daily transportation were walking, bicycling, and public transportation. In 1939, there were only 25 motor vehicles in Germany per 1,000 people or 1 per U.S. was 227 cars per 1,000 or 1 for 4.4 people.
By Jan. 1941, the Propaganda Ministry claimed to have produced and distributed “more than” seven million posters, two million pamphlets, sixty million periodicals and wall newspapers, and sixty-seven million leaflets.
Through the use of film, radio, posters, newspapers, books and pamphlets, the Nazi’s sought to instill pride for the German Reich.

16. Nazi Control of Press
Reichstag fire has taken place, Dachau has been built, book burnings take place. The book burnings coincided with a wider push to control the instruments of mass communication. Beginning with the press. The Nazi’s seize the plants and equipment of the Communists and Social Democratic Parties. The Nazi’s drove out competition and purchased newspapers . Under the new Editors Law of Oct. 4, 1933, the Reich Association of the German Press, the guild that regulated entry into the profession, the registries were to remain “racially pure” and thus excluded jews and those married to Jews from the procession. Editors and journalists were expected to follow the mandates and instructions handed down by the ministry. They were told what they could print and were given daily memos about how stories should be reported.
Journalists who failed to follow these instructions could be fired or sent to a concentration camp. Goebbels at one time wrote, “Any man who still has a residue of honor will be very careful not to become a journalist.

17. Newspapers
Censoring newspapers ensures that only the news you want people to read is available to the public
Nazi party members wrote many articles for the press, ensuring that the message was always positive
Many publications were banned
In order to control the German mind, the Nazis had to control what people read, saw, and heard. Since there were too many radio stations for Goebbels to control, he took over the wire services that fed stories the newspapers at home and abroad.
The Editors' Law of 1933 declared that all newspaper editors had to be officially approved by Goebbels. Editors could lose their jobs if Goebbels did not like what was printed and they were held accountable for in their papers. Goebbels and his team held daily press conferences where they told reporters what to write, how to write it, and even how large their headlines should be. Severe consequences were handed out to editors who did not follow the rules. In Essen, a newspaper typesetter accidentlly place a caption for a carnival photograph under a photo of marching Storm Troopers. The editor and pubisher were both arrested and sent to a concentration camp. After a while, newspapers were so one-sided and boring that millions of Germans stopped reading the newspapers altogether.
In the weeks and months following Jan. 1933, about 2,000 German journalists including Jews, liberals, conservatives, apolitical writers, Social Democrats and Communists were driven from their jobs, arrested, or driven into exile, and sometimes all three.
In all 200 Social Democrat papers and 35 Communist papers with a total combined circulation of about two million, were closed.
Oct. 4, 1933, the Editorial Control Law formulated by the Reich Press Chief Otto Dietrich, placed all remaining newspapers and periodical editors under government control, thereby ending any pretense of freedom of the press. Editors had to by “Aryan” and could not be married to a non-Aryan. All editors were required to be members of the Reich League of the German Press. The German press had become a state monopoly.

18. Der Sturmer
The most notorious of the Nazi Antisemitic newspapers was Der Strumer (The Attacker). It began in 1923 as a political paper, but as the Nazis gained in influence, the paper became more and more antisemitic. By the time Hitler took power in 1933, the paper was strongly antisemitic and was a very popular Nazi publication.
Was run by Julius Streicher. It was viciously antisemitic and it made a contribution, but with its circulation of four hundred thousand it was modest by comparison with the operations of Goebbels and Dietrich.
Streicher was convicted at Nuremberg for inciting the masses.

19. Der Sturmer
It specialized in selling the idea that the Jews were the worst enemy of the Germans, with the slogan “Die Juden sind unser Ungluck” (The Jews are our misfortune). It was advertised with displays on the street which attracted a lot of attention.
Like other propaganda, it’s style was simple and repetitive. One of its most popular features were the regular antisemitic cartoons of Phillip Rupprecht. Jews with huge hooked noses, bulging eyes, large ears, swollen lips, unshaven beards, long hairy arms and hands and short crooked legs. The dominant characteristics were swindling and sexual perversion.
As the Jews disappeared from Germany, the circulation of the paper dropped, but it continued to publish until the end of the war.

20. Joke of the Times
“I told my wife that if I die, don’t let them put it in the newspaper, because no one will believe it”
Hitler did not fool everyone. Some Germans did stop believing what they heard in the news and on the radio.

21. Nazi Control of Radio Hitler’s Speeches
Hitler is considered to have been one of the greatest public speakers of all time.
Goebbels controlled every word heard over the radio or read in a newspaper or magazine
Goebbels also controlled what was heard on the radio. They made sure that very cheap radios were available in the stores. By 1939, 70% of all German homes had at least one radio. This was the highest percentage of radio ownership in all of Europe. Out of nineteen hours of broadcast time, five hours was devoted for Nazi propaganda. The rest was news, which Goebbels controlled, opera, folk songs, marches and waltzes. They even mounted loudspeakers all over the country and blasted out radio broadcasts in every sort of public area.
Aiming to prevent enemy propaganda from reaching the German people, the Nazi regime issued a special decree on Sept. 1, 1939, that made listeningn to foreign broadcasts a criminal offense, carrying sever punishment. “Only one thing carries weight, the word of the Fuhrer.”
With military conquests, the Germans took over the Radio. Took over stations in Luxembourg, Athens, Oslo, Warsaw and Paris.
Because the detection of illegal listening was difficult, relatively few people were actually punished. 36 people were convicted under the law in 1939, 830 in 1940, 721 in 1941, and 1, 117 in 1942.
Defendents normally received one or two years in prison. With the tide of the war turning against the Reich, German courts handed out 11 death sentences for this offense in Most were turned in by a neighbor, co-worker, or family member seeking revenge.
Jews were ordered to turn in their radios soon after the war began.

22. Nazi Control of Film
Film was used to show Hitler in a positive light as often as possible
The Nazi’s commissioned several films, each carefully portraying a certain image
Triumph of the Will
Directed by Leni Riefenstahl
taken at Nazi Party Rally in Nuremburg-1934
considered a documentary masterpiece
Like other mediums, film was also controlled. The Reich Film Chamber, controlled entry into the business and determined who could direct, act, or participate in film production. Jews, political undesirables and other “degenerate artists” were driven from the industry, while Nazi propagandists used the changes to stoke antisemitic feelings. Goebbels acquired the right to ban any film, a power he used frequently.
Used film to manipulate emotions
What techniques (camera angles, music, lighting, etc) did she use to persuade her audience?
Show Triumph of the Will- film clip from facing history website. Leni Riefenstahl directed the film that documented the 8th party rally in Nuremberg, September The film won many critics’ awards after it was first shown in 1936 and is considered a documentary masterpiece. It is a chilling portrait of how film can be used to manipulate emotions.
The film's director worked with thirty cameras and 120 technicians and even helped to direct what would happen at the rally.

23. Film: The Eternal Jew
“Wherever rats turn up, they spread annihilation throughout the land, destroying property and food supplies. This is how they disseminate disease. Pestilence, leprosy, typhus, cholera, dysentery. Just like the Jews among mankind, rats represent the very essence of malicious and subterranean destruction.”
The film, “The Eternal Jew” was created to justify the separation, exclusion, and ultimately the destruction, of the Jewish people. The narrator describes the Jews of Poland as filthy, sly, and ugly and juxtaposes images of Jews with rats. The goal of propaganda is ultimately action. What does one do with rats? Exterminate them, of course. This was the unstated message of this hate film.
“If one compares the directness and intensity of the effect that the various means of propaganda have on the great masses, film is without question the most powerful. The written and spoken word depend entirely on the content or on the emotional appeal of the speaker, but film uses pictures, pictures that for almost a decade have been accompanied by sound. We know that the impact of a message is greater if it is less abstract, more visual. That makes it clear why film, with its series of continually moving images, must have particular persuasive force.” Fritz Hipler, Nazi filmmaker, creator of the Eternal Jew

24. Film: The Eternal Jew
The Eternal Jew ends with Hitler’s infamous speech to the Reichstag of Jan. 30, “If international Jewish financiers inside and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the victory of Jewry but he annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe.
Hitler reiterates this “prophecy” five times during the war. The speech appeared to herald a radicalization of the remedies for th e”jewish Question.: in the coming “Final Solution.” and provided a foreshadowing for mass murder.

25. Winning the Masses “One people, one government, one leader.”
With state control in place over mass media and educational and cultural institutions, the Nazi’s sustained the popularity of two myths, those of Der Fuhrer, the Leader, and of the Volksgemeinschaft, the national community.

26. Posters Creating One People
Posters are cheap and easy to distribute
Placed in prominent positions they act as a constant reminder of ideology
Can be used for many purposes
Propagandists have long known that a picture is worth a thousand words. Hitler was determined that all works of art would reflect the ideals of national socialism. He began by imprisoning or exiling what he called “degenerate artists” Then he enlisted a corps of “obedient artists” willing to immortalize on canvas the world he described in his speeches and writings. In 1937, the Nazis sponsored three exhibitions that reflected their views on art and artists.

27. Examples of Nazi Posters

28. Posters Glorifying “Aryans”
This is an example of positive propaganda. Nazi pseudo-science proclaimed the “Aryan race” to be the superior, culture producing race. Of the Aryans, the fair Nordic type was considered best.
“Adolf Hitler has led the German people to the realization that the Nordic race is the most creative, valuable race on earth. It has determined their nature, their culture, and their history. Therefore, caring for the valuable Nordic blood is their most important task. Each of us has a role. A consciousness of our proud ancestry must be the guiding force in our behavior. We do not want to be the last of a millennia old advanced culture that ends with us, rather ‘members of an unending chain extending from our most ancient ancestors to our distant grandchildren‘ (Heinrich Himmler).”

29. Nazi Youth
Hitler words about the young:
“A violently active, dominating, intrepid, brutal youth- that is what I am after. Youth must be all those things. It must be indifferent to pain. There must be no weakness or tenderness in it. I want to see once more in its eyes the gleam of pride and independence of the beast of prey…. I intend to have an athletic youth- that is the first and the chief thing… I will have no intellectual training. Knowledge is ruin to my young men.”
“National Socialist education is an education in the thinking of the German people. In understanding German traditions, in awakening the pure, uncorrupted and honest people’s consciousness, their sense of belonging to the people. Only a pure member of the German race can have such an understanding of his people, crowning it with the willingness to sacrifice all for the people…Race, military training, leadership, religion! These are the four unshakable foundations of the new German National Socialist education.
By 1939, about 90% of “Aryan” children in Germany belonged to Nazi youth groups. A massive propaganda campaign was aimed at Germany’s youth. The Nazis indoctrinated boys and girls in their duties to the state from a young age. They saw education as critical to the new Germany.
Youth Serves the Fuhrer. All ten-year-olds join the Hitler Youth.”
“All Girls Join Us”

30. Nazi Men
For young men, service to the totalitarian state meant fighting for the Fuhrer’s wars, but for women, service meant producing racially pure children for the Reich.

31. Nazi Women
From a 1942 biology textbook the Nazis wrote for 5th grade girls:
“The second law to which all life is subordinate is: Each life form strives to ensure the survival of its species… The species goes before the individual. History provides us with enough examples to prove that mankind too is under this law. In the midst of their prosperity, the Romans lost the desire to have children. They sinned against the law of maintaining the species. Their state was undermined and overcome by foreign peoples in a short time. The ethnic traits of the Romans thus vanished. Our nation too once hung in the balance. National Socialism restored to the German people the will to have children, and preserved our people from certain decline, which would have been inevitable under the law of species and the law of the greater number of offspring. Here too we can recall the Fuhrer’s words: Marriage too cannot be an end in itself, rather it must have the larger goal of increasing and maintaining the species and the race. That only is its meaning and its task. (Mein Kampf) The goal of female education must be to prepare them for motherhood. (Mein Kampf).
As part of the Nazi plan for the creation of a master race, “superior” women were paired with “superior” men to produce babies with “Aryan” features. In this photo, women in this program show off their babies at a Lebensborn Center.
Hitler wanted to build a larger nation. For that, he needed more Aryans. The masses had to change their idea of what a woman should be like. The old image of beauty, a slim woman with an hourglass shape, had to be replaced with a new image of beauty.
New fashion models were chosen from women who were more "motherly" looking. Artists were encouraged to use mothers as models. Hitler even awarded a national medal to women who gave birth to six or more children.
In 1937, SS men were instructed not to marry blonde-haired, blue-eyed women who had not earned the Reich sports medal.

32. Nazi Women "Healthy Parents have Healthy Children."
A Nazi propaganda poster encourages healthy Germans to raise a large family. The caption, in German, reads: "Healthy Parents have Healthy Children." Germany, date uncertain.

33. Anti-Jewish Propaganda Campaigns
Nazi’s had to determine who was and who wasn’t a full-fledged member of the national community.
Also had to decide what to do with those who were not “national commrades”
Outsiders were Jews, Gypsies (Roma and Sinti) homosexuals, political dissidents, and Germans viewed as genetically inferior and harmful to the national health. (person’s with mental illness and disabiltiies, epilepsy, congenital deafness and blindness, chronic alcoholism, drug addictions and others.
“I became a National Socialist because the idea of the national community inspired me. What I had never realized was the number of Germans who were not considered worthy to belong to this community.” said Melita Maschmann in her postwar memoir written in the form of a report to her former Jewish friend. “The fact that you, for example, were not allowed to belong to the national community I overlooked for as long as I could.”

34. Then and Now
1934 antisemitic cartoon from Brennessel, the Nazi humor magazine. Caption: "'Then and Now.' The cartoon shows a Jew stealing a farm before the Nazi takeover, but afterwards he is stopped by the law." (16 January, 1934). This cartoon both reinforces and creates the stereotype of the Jew as greedy and all-powerful.

35. “You are Sharing the Load
“You are Sharing the Load! A Genetically Ill Individual Costs Approximately 50,000 Reichsmarks by the Age of Sixty”
This Nazi poster from 1937 reads: "You are Sharing the Load! A Genetically Ill Individual Costs Approximately 50,000 Reichsmarks by the Age of Sixty." This poster appeals to the ideas reinforced by German eugenicists that the unfit were a burden to society. It preceded the euthanasia operation that would begin in the late 1930s in which children--and later adults who were determined "unfit"--were put to death. Between 1939 and 1941 at least seventy thousand persons were killed. A number of experts place the figure higher, claiming that at least two hundred fifty thousand were murdered.

36. Propaganda
Propaganda slide featuring a chart produced by the Reich Propaganda Office showing that in 1936 the total cost of caring for 880,000 people ill with hereditary disease was 1200 million Reichsmarks, which was almost double the 713 million RM spent on the administration of the national, state, and local government.

37. Propaganda slide produced by the Reich Propaganda Office showing the opportunity cost of feeding a person with a hereditary disease. The illustration shows that an entire family of healthy Germans can live for one day on the same 5.50 Reichsmarks it costs to support one ill person for the same amount of time.

38. Propaganda 'The Costs of the Congenitally Diseased'.
A German Health Ministry chart outlining 'The Costs of the Congenitally Diseased'. It estimates that the yearly cost of caring for each mental patient is 1500 Reichsmarks. It also notes that the population of mentally retarded patients in German institutions increased between from 173,000 to 308,000. The yearly cost of a student, on the other hand, is 125 Reichsmarks, and the yearly cost of a student needing financial aid is 321 Reichsmarks. This poster was published as part of a Ministry of Health study of 'Genetic Health and Race Purity'.

39. Propaganda
' reichsmarks is what this hereditarily ill person will cost the national community over the course of his life. Citizen, this is also your money!
Leaflet from the Nazi publication Neues Volk [New People]. The text reads, ' reichsmarks is what this hereditarily ill person will cost the national community over the course of his life. Citizen, this is also your money! Read Neues Volk, the monthly of the racial policy office of the NSDAP.' The Nazis built support for the implementation of the 1933 sterization law with propaganda in party publications and films that tapped into popular resentment about the costs of care. Restriction: NOT FOR RELEASE without the permission of the Deutsches Historisches Museum GmbH

40. Propaganda slide featuring a disabled infant. The caption reads "
Propaganda slide featuring a disabled infant. The caption reads "... because God cannot want the sick and ailing to reproduce."

41. Race Propaganda
Cover for the brochure 'Entartete Musik' by H.S. Ziegler, issued for the Duesseldorf run of the exhibit 'Entartete Kunst' which occurred at the same time as the Reich Music Festival of Entartete Kunst, or Degenerate Art, was an art exhibition launched by the Nazis in July More than 650 paintings, sculptures, prints and books confiscated from 32 German public museums were put on display at the Archeological Institute in Munich. (Over 16,000 pieces were confiscated in total by a commission led by Alfred Ziegler and empowered by Joseph Goebbels.) The purpose of the exhibition was to clarify to the German public what type of art was considered unacceptable to the Reich. The works were assembled in a rather haphazard arrangement according to themes and styles, including Jewish artists, the vilification of women, anti-militarism, abstraction. (The exhibition was thrown together in under 20 days between June 30 and July 19, 1937.) Alongside the works of art, statements by Hitler and quotations by artists, critics and museum directors, were painted on the walls. Some of the most important modern artists of the twentieth century, including Marc Chagall, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul. Klee, Emil Nolde, Goerg Grosz and Ernst Ludwig Kirschner, were among the 112 condemned artists featured in the exhibition. Six of the artists were of Jewish origin. Entartete Kunst became the most popular modern art exhibition ever organized. During the four month period in which it was on view in Munich it attracted more than two million visitors. Smaller versions of the exhibition traveled to thirteen other cities throughout Germany and Austria, reaching another one million viewers. After the exhibition closed 125 of the pieces of confiscated art were sold at auction at the Galerie Fischer in Lucerne, Switzerland. Others were burned, much like the condemned books. Still others were destroyed in storage facilities during subsequent Allied bombing raids. [Source: Barron, Stephanie (ed.) Degenerate Art: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1991.]

42. Race Propaganda "The result! A loss of racial pride."
Nazi propaganda photo depicts friendship between an "Aryan" and a black woman. The caption states: "The result! A loss of racial pride." Germany, prewar.

43. Race Defiler 1936
Sandy
Propaganda slide entitled "The Jews have always been Race Defilers."
One image from a slide lecture produced by "Der Reichsfuehrer SS, der Chef des Rasse-und Siedlungshauptamtes" [the Leader of the SS, the Chief of the Race and Settlement Main Office]. The slide lecture, entitled "Das Judentum, seine blutsgebundene Wesensart in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart" [Jewry, Its Blood-based Essence in Past and Future], is Part I of the thematic series, "Judentum, Freimaurerei, Bolschewismus" [Jewry, Freemasonry, Bolshevism]. The text of the slide lecture is available at the Bundesarchiv Koblenz, record group number NS31/163.
Date: Circa 1936

45. Language of Propaganda
Employment office- “labor mobilization”
Worker- “Soldier of Labor”
Work- “Service to Fuehrer and folk”
Factory Meeting- “Factory Roll Call”
Production- “The Production Battle”
These words were hammered into people’s heads every day and soon became part of their language.

46. Don't Trust the Fox in the Green Meadow or The Jew On His Oath.
Education
Just as it was important for German women to have lots of children, it was also important that those children be educated by Nazi teachers. All Jewish teachers were fired and teachers who would not swear loyalty to Nazism were also dismissed. Nearly 97% of Germany's teachers belonged to the Nazi teachers' association.
Textbooks and readers were changed to teach Nazism in every class. Even a math problem could encourage young students to think like Nazis:
A modern bomber can carry 1,800 incendiaries. How long is the path along which it can distribute these bombs if it drops a bomb every second at a speed of 250 km per hour? How far apart are the craters? Cited in The New Order, p. 103
Another child's primer was called The Poisonous Mushroom. It was published by Julius Streicher. The Posonous Mushroom was very popular and told the story of a young girl named Inga who was sent to keep an appointment with a Jewish doctor. Her leader in the League of German Girls warned her not to go.
Don't Trust the Fox in the Green Meadow or The Jew On His Oath.

47. Der Fiftpilz: The Poisonous Mushroom
Link to The Poison Mushroom
Der Giftpilz appeared in Germany in 1938 and leaves little question regarding the
intended Nazi solution to the “Jewish problem.” The book begins innocently enough by
gather mushrooms. After carefully describing and showing Franz several varieties of
boy, Franz, accompanies his mother on a walk in a beautiful, wooded area and helps her
describing a favorite German pastime, picking wild mushrooms in the woods. A young
both edible and poisonous mushrooms, his mother compares the good mushrooms to
are bad people. His mother continues her comparison of Jews to poisonous mushrooms
of course, the Jews. Franz proudly announces that he has learned in school that the Jews
good people and the harmful mushrooms to bad people. The most dangerous people are,
by emphasizing that, just as poisonous mushrooms are difficult to distinguish from edible
One Jew can destroy an entire people because the Jew is the Devil in human form. The
forms. Franz’s mother repeatedly alludes to the terrible, destructive force of the Jews.
ones, it is difficult to differentiate Jews from non-Jews because Jews can assume many 4
Jew poses a deadly threat not only to the survival of the German people but to the
most insidious storybooks ever composed for children.
terrible toadstool and, thereby, save humanity from destruction. Thus begins one of the
survival of the world! It is Germany’s obligation to warn the rest of the world about this
Thematically, the book is organized around an anti-Semitic attack on three fronts:
German children to recognize Jews. In school, during the “Jewish lesson,” German
comparing the Jews to poisonous mushrooms, there is a chapter dedicated to enabling
physical appearance, religious beliefs, and moral values. After the introduction
recite them. Even more venomous are the subsequent chapters, whose stories are
children are instructed about the “physical characteristics” of Jews and encouraged to
the rabbi, “an old Jew with a long beard and a face that looks like the Devil himself,”
Several laws of the Talmud are studied by Sally, a boy preparing for his bar mitzvah. As
essentially assaults upon the Talmud and the moral fiber of Jewish society itself.
poses questions and the young man answers them, a pattern of pervasion, intended to
distortion. This pattern is evident in the dialogue between Sally, the young Jew, and the
well-being of German society, emerges that hammers away at reality, replacing it with
dehumanize Jews and convert them into the embodiment of an ever-present danger to the
and contrasts it to what he supposedly finds in the Talmud. In the Giftpilz version of the
rabbi on the subject of work. Sally mentions the German proverb, “Work is no disgrace,”
Non-Jews have been created to work and serve Jews…” Here the Talmud, the book of
statement saying, “for that reason, we Jews do not work; we engage in business.
Talmud, “Work is quite harmful and hardly to be tolerated.” Sally elaborates on this
Jewish law and tradition, is represented as advocating the enslavement of Germans to the
might be considered a rape of language, an innocuous proverb becomes a forceful
placed upon the German work ethic via the proverb, “Work is no disgrace.” In what
service of Jews. The absurdity of such a condition is overshadowed by the emphasis
threatening to enslave hard-working Germans.
propaganda tool, with which the Nazis portray the Jews as despising work and
upstanding German. The victims are often portrayed as defenseless, young women,
image of the morally decadent Jew attempting to take advantage of the morally
In each of the episodes following the discussion of the Talmud, there emerges a recurrent
children, and animals. Several of the stories have a decidedly pornographic character that
use of these grotesque images. The image of the Jewish monster perpetrating misfortune
inhuman monster, who victimizes helpless Germans, is visually reinforced through the
is blatantly obvious in their accompanying illustrations. The image of the Jew as an
specific immoral act allegedly committed by a Jew, connects all Jews to the Devil and
is presented at the end of each episode in the form of a short poem, which capsulizes the
memorize:
and Else concludes with the following saying, which Hans’ mother requires him to
serves to warn the reader against the ever-present Jewish threat. The episode about Hans
A devil goes through the land,
A race defiler, a child’s horror
As a murderer of peoples,
It’s the Jew, well known to us
In all lands! 5
He wants all peoples dead.
stands him in good stead.
Corrupting our youth
Stay away from every Jew,
he declares that humanity cannot be saved without a solution to the Jewish problem. As
Der Giftpilz ends with a brief description of a speech given by Julius Streicher, in which
And happiness will come to you!
also contains many signs pointing to the adoption of the “Endlösung,” the Final Solution
with Trau keinem Fuchs auf grüner Heid und keinem Jud bei seinem Eid!, Der Giftpilz
that was officially established at the Wannsee Conference in 1942.

48. Education
Illustration from an antisemitic German children's book, DER GIFTPILZ (The Poisonous Mushroom), published in Nuremberg, Germany, in The caption reads: "The Jewish nose is crooked, it looks like a 6."  

49. Education
Page from the anti-Semitic German children's book, 'Der Giftpilz' ( The Poisonous Mushroom). The text reads, 'Here, little ones, have some candy! But for that you will both have to come with me...' Photo Credit: USHMM, courtesy of See Published Source Date: 1935 Place: Locale: Nuremberg

50. Education “Whenever you see a crucifix, think of the
horrible murder of Jesus by
the Jews”

51. State of Deception

52. Themes of the Exhibit

53. Online Exhibit: Making a Leader
Guiding Question
Some have said that Hitler would not have come to power without the work of Goebbels. Look at the posters in this section and determine what traits for Hitler are being promoted?

54. Online Exhibit: Rallying the Nation
Guiding Question
What does the Nazi Party offer the German people that propels it to dominate the multitude of other political parties?

55. Online Exhibit: Indoctrinating the Youth
Guiding Question
What are the messages used to educate (Nazify) the youth?

56. Online Exhibit: Defining the Enemy
Guiding Question
What strategies were used by the Nazi government to move the masses to the Nazi Utopian society?

57. Online Exhibit: Writing the News
Guiding Questions
How was the Nazi use of media a systematic strategy to control the masses?
What was their goal? The tools used?
The outcome?

58. Online Exhibit: Deceiving the Public
Guiding Questions
What were the deceptions?
What did the deceptions offer the German nation?

59. Online Exhibit: Assessing Guilt
Guiding Question
1945 = Denazification of Germany
What was the International outcome of the prosecution of Julius Streicher, Hans Fritzsche, and Leni Riefenstahl?

60. Propaganda for War 1936 Olympics Kristallnacht Invasion of Poland
Kristallnacht- was a spontaneous outburst of the German people against the Jews for vom Rath’s murder

61. Propaganda for Mass Murder
Theresienstadt
Between July 1943 and May 1944, German battlefield deaths averaged 70,000 per month
Did not report these figures
Instead propaganda focused on what would happen if Germans lost

62. Propaganda on Trial