2. Europe Transformed: Reform and State Building 14

3. The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century: Background  The Growth of State Power  Social Changes in the Renaissance  The Impact of Printing  Prelude to Reformation  Christian Humanism  Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)  Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation  Problems in the Church  View of ordinary people

4. REFORMATION  What does that word mean?  Look at the next 3 slides. What do you think was one of the criticisms of the Catholic Church?

7. Christ punishing money lenders Pope writing indulgences for $

8. Martin Luther 1483-1546

9. Luther’s 95 Theses (1517)  Response to indulgences and other church policies  Supposedly nailed 95 theses (statements) on door of Wittenberg church  Not yet interested in breaking away from Catholicism; he was just being critical  ***Printed copies spread quickly ( European printing press invented just 60-70 years earlier)*** ***Bible’s production marked the beginning of the mass production of books in the West

10. 95 Theses Excerpt  36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon.  37. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has part in all the blessings of Christ and the Church; and this is granted him by God, even without letters of pardon.  38. Nevertheless, the remission and participation [in the blessings of the Church] which are granted by the pope are in no way to be despised, for they are, as I have said, the declaration of divine remission.  43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons;

11. Basic teachings of Luther  Faith alone  (Sola fide)  Religious truth & authority lie only in the Bible  (Sola scriptura)  Simplified church doctrine & rituals  Leaders: “Ministers”  Worship in vernacular, not Latin  Baptism & Lord’s Supper only sacraments  People physically close to minister during service  Priesthood of ALL believers  Clergy not only ones that could/should do ministry  Permitted the clergy to marry

12. Reformation Map

13.  Look at this painting…How does it illustrate many of Luther’s basic beliefs?  Importance of sermon in services  Baptism & Lord’s supper as the only sacraments  Simple interior of churches  Believers physically closer to minister

15. AND NOW…

16. Henry VIII (I am): 1491-1547  English (British) king  6 Wives: Problem producing a male heir to the throne (a cause of earlier War of the Roses). (BTW, whose fault is it if a male heir is not produced?)  Catherine of Aragon (“Bloody” Mary) 1509-1533: ***divorce***-not granted by the Pope  Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth)1533-1536: Beheaded  Jane Seymour: (Edward) 1536-1537: Died after childbirth; produced only male heir  Anne of Cleves: 1540-1540: Divorced “Flanders Mare,” 6 month marriage  Kathryn Howard: 1540-1542: Executed, was 19 when she married 49 yr. Old Henry  Katherine Parr: 1543-1547: Wife @ Henry’s death

18. Tower of London

19. Henry VIII Reformation Legacy  Church of England-----Anglican Church--- Episcopal Church: All trace history back to Henry VIII wanting a legal divorce  Early differences in Church of England & Catholicism:  Very few  Worship services in vernacular  Pope not the authority

20. Queen Elizabeth I vs. King Edward VI  Who lived longer?  Elizabeth, by 53 years  Who saved England from religious wars and the Spanish Armada?  Elizabeth  Who had two U.S. states named after him/her?  Elizabeth  Who was the daughter/son of Anne Boleyn?  Elizabeth  Who did Henry like?  Edward  Who did the English people like?  Elizabeth Winner: ELIZABETH

21. Luther vs. Henry VIII?

22. Europe Reformation Map Did most people in Western Europe remain Roman Catholic? YES!!!

23.  1540s: Ambitious reform program begins  Is this BEFORE or AFTER the Reformation achieved some success? Why?  (A) Council of Trent (1545-1563) Purpose: to define official doctrine, esp. teachings challenged by Protestants (Kept): Salvation still faith & works (Kept):Latin Vulgate: only acceptable translation (Kept): Church hierarchy alone to determine interpretation of Bible (Changed): Forbade selling of indulgences (Changed): Seminaries (training schools) established to properly educate priests Catholic Reformation

24. Council of Trent

25. Results of the Reformation  Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, etc. remained (Protestant churches survived)  Expanded education (Calvin, Jesuits, etc.)  Promoted individualism  Promoted nationalism (churches became symbols of countries)  Strengthened secular rule (Kings/Queens could confiscate church land, etc.)

26. ...In truth, the Jews, being foreigners, should possess nothing, and what they do possess should be ours… ...In the first place, their synagogues should be burned down and what does not burn must be covered with mud. This must be done for the honor of God and Christianity, so that God may see that we are Christians and we have not simply tolerated or approved that His Son and His Christians have been subjected to lies, curses, and slander.  In the second place, their houses should be pulled down and destroyed. They must be housed in stables like gypsies, so that they realize they are not masters in our country, as they proudly say, but unfortunate prisoners, so they will complain to God continuously.  Third, their books should be taken from them. Fourth, rabbis should be forbidden to give any more lessons on pain of death. Fifth, they should not be allowed to move around freely. Let them stay home. Sixth, they should no longer be allowed to charge interest. The money that is taken from them should be spent to help Jews who agree to be baptized. Seventh, they should be put to work.  Martin Luther

27. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation  Calvin and Calvinism  John Calvin (1509-1564) Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536 Doctrine of predestination Reform of the city of Geneva, Switzerland, 1536

28. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation (cont.’d)  Anabaptists  Radical reformers  Believed in separation of church and state  The Social Impact of the Reformation  New views of the family

29. Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560

30. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century  French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)  Huguenots  Ultra-Catholics  War of the three Henries, (1588-1589)  Henry IV, (1589-1610)  Edict of Nantes, (1598)  Philip II and Militant Catholicism  Philip II of Spain, (1556-1598) Strict conformity to Catholicism / Strong monarchical authority Problems with the Spanish Netherlands Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks  Problems with the Netherlands  The England of Elizabeth  Queen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603, daughter of Henry VIII  The Spanish Armada

31. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Europe in the Seventeenth Century

32. Economic and Social Crisis: Witchcraft Mania  Italy became an economic backwater  Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85 million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central and southern Europe  Witchcraft  Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted  Poor most likely to be accused  More than 75 percent were women

33. Economic Trends in the Seventeenth Century  Mercantilism  International commerce  New forms of commercial organization  Joint-stock companies  80 percent of Europeans involved in agriculture

34. Seventeenth Century Crises: Revolution and War  Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)  Rivalry between France, Spain, and Holy Roman Empire  Peace of Westphalia, 1648  A Military Revolution?  New technologies and tactics  The growing expense of war

35. The Practice of Absolutism  France under Louis XIV  Louis XIV (1643-1715), The Sun King Important to control of central policy-making machinery Versailles served three purposes: Greatest danger came from the high nobility King has authority over the traditional areas of monarchial power Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) Wars  Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe  Brandenburg-Prussia Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) Frederick I, First king of Prussia, 1701  Austria Territorial expansion Monarch never becomes highly centralized

36. From Moscow to Russia  Ivan IV, the Terrible, (1533-1584)  First to take the title tsar  Dynasty ends in 1598 followed by anarchy  Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar  Peter the Great (1689-1725)  Trip west, 1697-1698  Plans to westernize Russia  Reorganize army and navy  Divided Russia into provinces  Hoped to create a sense of civic duty

37. England and Limited Monarchy  Revolution and Civil War  James VI of Scotland became James I (1603-1625) of England  Charles I (1625-1649)  Monarchy abolished  Republic, 1648-1660  Oliver Cromwell and military rule  Dispersed Parliament by force  After Cromwell’s death, monarchy restored

38. Restoration and a Glorious Revolution  Charles II (1660-1685)  Parliament suspicious of his Catholic leanings  Declaration of Indulgence, 1672  Charles forced to suspend the declaration  James II (1685-1688)  Open and devout Catholic  Religion once again area of conflict  Birth of a son, 1688, assuring Catholic monarchy  Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II  Bill of Rights

39. European Culture  Art: The Baroque  Harmonize the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival  Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)  Art: Dutch Realism  Judith Leyster (c. 1609 – 1660)  A Golden Age of Literature in England  Called the Elizabethan Era  William Shakespeare(1564-1614)

40. Discussion Questions  What were the social and political consequences of the Reformation  What steps did French kings take in the seventeenth century to concentrate power in the central government?  Describe English government before and after the events of the seventeenth century.  How did seventeenth-century art reflect larger historical developments?