1. Aromatic Reactions Most common reactions for aromatics involve replacement of ring hydrogens by other atoms or groups (substitution reactions)

2. Mechanism of Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions Electrophile – a reagent with a strong demand for electrons Carbocation – a positive charged carbon fragment Nucleophile – a negative ion, or one with an unshared electron pair The aromatic ring acts as a “supplier” of electrons to the electrophile (similar to how an electrophile attacks an alkene double bond)

3. The major difference with aromatics is that the carbonium ion intermediate is resonance stabilized Halogenation.. :Cl +...... nucleophile : Cl:Cl : + FeCl 3 :Cl + + FeCl 4 -...... electrophile – attacks a double bond

4. the positive charge can be delocalized to the carbon atoms that are ortho & para to the position taken by the chlorine delocalized – an electron can move through more than its two carbons – this type of molecule is more stable Carbocation intermediates Resonance forms of a benzonium ion (benzene ring with a positive charge)

5. 1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions a. Halogenation – requires the presence of an iron catalyst (FeCl 3 or FeBr 3 ) to convert Cl 2 or Br 2 (weak electrophiles) to Cl + or Br + (strong electrophiles) Ex.; Chlorinate benzene

6. b. Nitration - uses HNO 3 in the presence of H 2 SO 4 Ex.; Nitrate benzene.

7. c. Alkylation (Friedel-Crafts Reaction) -Discovered by Frenchman Charles Friedel and American James Craft in 1877. -Any alkyl halide in the presence of an aluminum halide catalyst reacts with an aromatic -Ex.; React benzene with chloromethane. -Ex.; React benzene with ethylchloride

8. d. Sulfonation - an aromatic reacting with H 2 SO 4 in the presence of heat Ex.; Sulfonate benzene.

9. A substituent that is already on the benzene ring prior to a substitution reaction determines the position of any entering substituent

10. Meta-directing groups nitro sulfonyl carbonyl cyano -These direct the entering substituent to the meta position relative to their position. -Ex.; React nitrobenzene with methylchloride. -Ex,; Chlorinate benzenesulfonic acid.

11. Ortho-para directing groups -Cl, -Br, -OH, -NH 2, -OCH 3, alkyl groups -these direct the entering substituents to the ortho and para positions. Ex.; React chlorobenzene with methylchloride. Ex.; Chlorinate phenol.

12. 2. Catalytic Hydrogenation An addition reaction that requires 3 moles of hydrogen, Ni, pressure and heat. The reaction cannot be stopped with one or two moles of hydrogen since the intermediate cyclohexadiene or cyclohexene are more easily hydrogenated than the aromatic hydrocarbon. Ex.; Hydrogenate benzene.

13. Catalytic hydrogenation is usually used to make alkyl-substituted cyclohexanes Ex.; Synthesize ethylcyclohexane from benzene in two steps.

14. 3. Free Radical Substitution of Aromatic Side Chains The side chain becomes substituted via the free radical chain mechanism Substitution will always occur at the benzyl carbon Ex.; Chlorinate toluene. Ex.; Brominate propylbenzene.

15. Further reactions (ex; dichlorination or dibromination) leads to replacement of the remaining benzylic hydrogens. Ex.; Dichlorinate toluene.

16. 4. Oxidation of Aromatic Side Chains The product will always be benzoic acid, regardless of the length of the side chain. Reagents are KMnO 4 and heat Ex.; Oxidize toluene. Ex.; Oxidize butylbenzene.

17. If 2 or more alkyl groups are present, they are all oxidized. Ex.; Oxidize p-dimethylbenzene.