1. Small Intestine and Pancreas
Pancreatic cancer cells: takes to long to show symptoms. Once diagnosed you have a 5% chance of living for 5 years. Resistant to chemo and radiation

2. Small Intestine Small Intestine: -“small”= Small diameter (7m long)
Main site for digestion and absorption
Duodenum:

3. Small Intestine Small Intestine: -“small”= Small diameter (7m long)
Main site for digestion and absorption
Duodenum:
First 25-30cm of the small
Intestine. Where most of
the digestion occurs.

4. Small Intestine & the Pancreas
Moving food from stomach to small intestine: Remember the food that comes from the stomach is mixed with hydrochloric acid and pepsin. = dangerous for small intestine Solution: -Release bicarbonate ions to neutralize acids

5. Controlling Bicarbonate Release
Stomach acid and food moves into the small intestine
Prosecretin is converted to secretin by acid

6. Controlling Bicarbonate Release
Stomach acid and food moves into the small intestine
Prosecretin is converted to secretin by acid
Secretin is absorbed into the bloodstream
As blood moves to pancreas the sectretin in the blood causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine

7. Controlling Bicarbonate Release
Stomach acid and food moves into the small intestine
Prosecretin is converted to secretin by acid
Secretin is absorbed into the bloodstream
As blood moves to pancreas the sectretin in the blood causes the pancreas to release bicarbonate into the small intestine
Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid to protect the walls of the small intestine
pH changes from 2  9
6) The new basic pH causes pepsin to become inactive so it won’t digest the intestinal wall

8. Pancreas and the breakdown of food
Food: 3 main groups -Protein -Carbohydrates -Lipids (fats)

9. Breakdown of Protein:
Remember at this point protein is only broken down into short chains Enterokinase: An enzyme in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen converting it into tripsin Trypsin: Erepsins (peptidases):

10. Breakdown of Protein:
Remember at this point protein is only broken down into short chains Enterokinase: An enzyme in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen converting it into tripsin Trypsin: Breaks down the peptone chains into shorter peptone chains Erepsins (peptidases):

11. Breakdown of Protein:
Remember at this point protein is only broken down into short chains Enterokinase: An enzyme in the small intestine that activates trypsinogen converting it into tripsin Trypsin: Breaks down the peptone chains into shorter peptone chains Erepsins (peptidases): Break down the shorter peptone chains into individual amino acids

12. Breakdown of Sugar (Carbohydrates)
Amylase (also released by salivary glands): Released by the pancreas. Breaks down the smaller sugar chains into disaccharides (di = 2. Saccharide = sugar) Disaccharase enzymes:

13. Breakdown of Sugar (Carbohydrates)
Amylase (also released by salivary glands): Released by the pancreas. Breaks down the smaller sugar chains into disaccharides (di = 2. Saccharide = sugar) Disaccharase enzymes: Break down disaccharides into glucose and fructose Eg. Maltase breaks down maltose into 2 glucose molecules

14. Breakdown of Lipids (Fats)
Lipase: Lipid digesting enzymes released by the pancreas. Two types of Lipase -Pancreatic lipase: -Cholesterol lipase:

15. Breakdown of Lipids (Fats)
Lipase: Lipid digesting enzymes released by the pancreas. Two types of Lipase -Pancreatic lipase: breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol -Cholesterol lipase: breaks off one fatty acid and converts it into cholesterol

16. Liver and Gall Bladder Liver: Has three functions related to digestion
Create bile salts
Storage of nutrients
Breakdown of toxins

17. Bile Salts
Location of Bile Salts: Formed in the liver and collected in the Gall bladder where the excess water is removed (becomes more concentrated). They enter the duodenum via the bile duct.

18. Controlling the release of Bile Salts
Fats present in the small intestine
Fats cause the release of Cholecystokinin (CCK) a hormone.

19. Controlling the release of Bile Salts
Fats present in the small intestine
Fats cause the release of Cholecystokinin (CCK) a hormone.
CCK moves into blood
Blood reaches gall bladder
Here CCK triggers the release of bile salts from the gall bladder to the small intestine

20. Controlling the release of Bile Salts
Fats present in the small intestine
Fats cause the release of Cholecystokinin (CCK) a hormone.
CCK moves into blood
Blood reaches gall bladder
Here CCK triggers the release of bile salts from the gall bladder to the small intestine
Once in the small intestine the bile salts break down the large fat droplets into smaller drops (just like dish soap) = emulsification
This leaves a larger surface for pancreatic lipase to get at the fat

21. Gallstones and jaundice

22. Liver as a Storage organ
Storage in Liver: Stores glycogen and vitamins (A, B12, D) Breakdown of Toxins: Breaks down harmful substances into less harmful chemicals that can be dissolved into blood and excreted in urine. This process does damage liver tissue Eg. alcohol

23. y g

24. j jk

25. Problems with Detoxification
Problem with detoxification: The liver cells that are damaged when they try to breakdown toxins are replaced by connective tissue and fat. = Erode the liver you lose the cells that perform functions needed by the body This leads to Cirrhosis

26. Diagnostic Questions
Symptom: