1. Chapter 9 Medical Terminology and Chapter 20 Body Structures: THE URINARY SYSTEM

2. FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Balances water, salts, and acids by removing excess fluids or reabsorbing water as needed
Filters the blood to remove urea (major waste product of protein metabolism) and other waste materials
Converts waste products and excess fluids into urine in the kidneys and excretes them from the body thru the urinary bladder
**all functions required to maintain homeostasis in body

3. STRUCTURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
The Kidneys
The Renal Pelvis
The Nephrons
The Ureters
10 – 12 inches long, carry urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder
The Urinary Bladder
Hollow muscular organ, reservoir for urine
The Urethra
Extends from the bladder to the outside of the body
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4. THE KIDNEYS – renal: pertaining to the kidney
Constantly filtering blood to remove waste and excess water
Location: retroperitoneum, bilaterally below the diaphragm
Renal cortex: outer layer of kidney, contains nephrons
Medulla: inner layer, contains urine-collecting tubules
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5. THE NEPHRONS
Functional units of the kidneys
Form urine by the process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries surrounded by a membrane called the Bowman’s Capsule
Blood flows into kidney via the renal artery, waste is filtered in the capillaries of the glomerulus (urine), then blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein
Waste products are transported to the renal pelvis before entering the ureters

6. RENAL ARTERY (1)
RENAL VEIN (2)
RENAL PELVIS (3)
MEDULLA (4)
RENAL CORTEX (5)
URETER (6)
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UROCHROME
human_kidneys.html

7. THE URETHRA
(2) Urinary sphincters: control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra (proximally) and out of the urethra (distally) through the urethral meatus
Urinary meatus: external opening of the urethra
The neck of the male urethra is surrounded by the prostate gland
urinary.htm

8. THE EXCRETION OF URINE Micturition (voiding)
Requires coordinated contraction of the bladder muscles and relaxation of the sphincters, forcing the urine through the urethra and out through the urinary meatus
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9. MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RELATED TO THE URINARY SYSTEM
Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the kidneys
NEPHROLOGIST
Diagnoses and treats diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males
UROLOGIST

10. PATHOLOGY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Renal Failure
Anuria: complete suppression of urine formation
Uremia: toxic condition caused by excessive amount of waste products in bloodstream
Acute Renal Failure: sudden onset due to injury or surgery
Chronic Renal Failure: progressive disease, may require dialysis or transplantation
End-Stage Renal Disease: ESRD late stages of renal failure
Nephrotic Syndrome: general group of kidney diseases

11. Kidneys Glomerulonephritis
Hydronephrosis: dilation of renal pelvis as a result of obstruction
Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney
Pyelitis: inflammation of the renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis: inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney

12. Stones (calculus) Abnormal mineral deposit Calculi vary in size
Named for the organ or tissue where they are located
Nephrolithiasis: characterized by the presence of stones in the kidney

13. Ureters
Hydroureter: distention of the ureter with urine due to obstruction
Ureterectasis: distention of the ureter
Ureterorrhagia: discharge of blood from the ureter
Ureterostenosis: stricture of the ureter

14. Urinary Bladder Cystalgia: pain in the bladder
Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder
Interstitial Cystitis: inflammation of the wall of the bladder
Cystocele: hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall
Cystorrhagia: bleeding from the bladder
UTI: infections occur more frequently in women
Vesicovaginal Fistula - abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina

15. Urethra
Reflux: blockage of the urethra causing urine to back up into the ureters
Urethralgia
Urethrostenosis: stricture or stenosis of the urethra
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16. Urination Diuresis: increased excretion of urine
Dysuria: difficult or painful urination – frequently associated with UTI’s
Enuresis: involuntary discharge of urine
(nocturnal enuresis)
Nocturia: excessive urination during the night
Oliguria: scanty urination
Urinary Retention: inability to void or empty the bladder

17. Incontinence: the inability to control excretory functions
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary Stress Incontinence
Urge Incontinence: urination occurs involuntarily as soon as an urgent desire to urinate is felt
UrinaryStress.htm

18. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Catheterization: insertion of a sterile catheter through the urethra, into the bladder
Performed to withdraw urine
To relieve urinary retention pressures
To prevent incontinence during surgical procedures
May also be used to place fluids, such as contrast (VCUG) in bladder
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19. IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
Cystoscopy: cysto – visual exam of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope
IVP: radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters
Iodine is injected into a vein to define structures
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20. TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Medications
Dialysis
Kidneys
Transplantation
Nephrolysis: freeing of a kidney from adhesions
Nephrostomy: opening between the pelvis of the kidney through its cortex to the outside
Removal of Kidney Stones
Lithrotripsy: destruction of a stone with the use of ultrasonic waves traveling through water
Nephrolithotomy: surgical removal of kidney stone

21. TREATMENT PROCEDURES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Cystectomy: surgical removal of all or part of bladder
Cystopexy: surgical fixation of bladder to the abdominal wall
Lithotomy: surgical incision for the removal of a stone, usually from the bladder
Suprapubic catheter: indwelling catheter placed into the bladder through a small incision through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone

22. Urinary cath dialysis nephrectomy Renal stones KUB cystoscopy
Medical Terminology chapter 9, pages 248 – 262.
Exercises: 1 – 100.
Body structures chapter 20, pages 400 – 413.
Exercises: Review questions.
Body structures work book chapter 20.
Exercises: B, D, E, .
Delmar video “The Urinary System”, tape 11.
Renal stones
KUB
cystoscopy