1. Nucleic Acids

2. Your Assignment

3. Your Nucleic Acid Assignment
1. Define, compare and give examples of the two types of nucleic acids (structure, location and function). 2. What are the main uses of nucleic acids in cells (plants and animals)??

4. Additional Resources (1)
The Tree of Life, Proteins and nucleic acids module

5. Additional Resources (2)
Nucleic Acids Web links DNA Timeline: Nobel Organisation DNA information site:

6. Nucleic acids Ribo-nucleic acid (RNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
They are polymers made up of repeating monomer units called nucleotides
DNA is double stranded helix, RNA is single
C-H-O-N-P atoms 21

7. Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Information flows from DNA  RNA  Proteins

8. Nucleotides: the monomers of nucleic acids
Consist of 3 parts:
5 Carbon Sugar (Pentose)
Ribose or Deoxyribose
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous Base
Purines (A and G) (6 membered ring of C and N fused to a 5 membered ring)
Pyrimidines (C, T, and U) (6 membered ring)
Only certain bases are compatible for bonding together, Adenine with Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine, Uracil with Guanine (C-G)
Sequence of bases is unique to each gene

9. Nucleotide Structure 3 components: Pentose sugar Organic base
Phosphate
sugar
base
Stay the same
Changes
Contains nitrogen & carbon
Pentose sugar
(5 Carbon atoms)
3 components:
Pentose sugar
(ribose in DNA)
Phosphoric acid
Organic base
(always contains nitrogen)

10. 5 nitrogenous bases

11. 4 Bases Purines – Pyrimidines – Double ringed structure
Single ringed structure

12. Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) joined by phosphodiester bonds (phosphate to sugar)

13. Bondings The base and sugar join with a: glycosidic bond
The phosphate and sugar join with an:
ester bond
Both require a condensation reaction to occur 

14. 2 condensation reactions occur in the formation of a nucleotide:
Phosphate
2 condensation reactions occur in the formation of a nucleotide: H
Ester bond OH
Glycosidic
bond OH H
Base
Sugar

15. DNA Genetic material inherited from parents
Extremely long: hundreds-thousands of genes
Contains the information that programs cellular activities
DNA is “read” by proteins and translated into proteins.
Double stranded helix
Has the ability to copy itself

17. Complementary Base Pairing
*Purines always pair with pyrimidines*
A joins to T (2 hydrogen bonds)
C joins to G (3 hydrogen bonds)
see

18. 5’
3 hydrogen bonds 3’ C G
0.34nm A T 3’
2 hydrogen bonds 5’
2nm

19. Bonding relationships
Type of Base
Purine
Pyrimidine
Structure
Bonding relationships
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
= hydrogen bond

20. Type Purine Pyrimidine Structure Name Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine
/ Uracil

21. RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) conveys the DNA code out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm (ribosome)
Single stranded
Multiple complex structures
A,U,G,C

22. RNA can adopt complex 3-D structures and is not restricted to the double helix structure RNA carries information from DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome via reverse transcription, followed by translation.

23. Nucleotide 3 components: Pentose sugar; deoxyribose Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base; 4 types:
Join by condensation
phosphate
base
Stay the same
sugar
Changes
Contains nitrogen & carbon
Ribose sugar in RNA
Deoxyribose sugar in DNA
Pentose sugar (5 Carbon atoms)

24. Molecular Clocks
Linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA are passed from parent to offspring. DNA determines the amino acid sequence of proteins
Siblings have DNA that is more alike than an unrelated person
2 species should have similar DNA if they are closely related based on fossil and anatomical evidence
The more differences in the DNA codes, the longer the time the two species have evolved separately.