2.  Systems and Its Functions: System Parts and Functions Kidneys- the main function of the kidneys is to separate urea, mineral salts, and other toxins from the blood. They also conserve water, salt, and electrolytes. You only need one kidney to maintain ones life. Urethra-the function of the urethra is to allow urine to exit the body.

3.  Ureters- the function of the ureters is to allow urine to pass through them, into the bladder.  Bladder-the function of the bladder is to store and release urine.  Sphincter Muscles-the function of the sphincter muscles is to keep food in the stomach, where it should be.

4.  Cystitis-inflammation of the urinary bladder  Urethritis-inflammation of the urethra  Urinary Tract Stones-stones in the urinary tract  Urinary Incontinence-urine that keeps leaking from your urethra

5.  Kidney Stones-a solid mass made up of tiny crystals. One or more can be in the kidneys or urethra at once.  Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)- Multiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them to become enlarged.

6.  Kidney Failure-acute (sudden) kidney failure is the sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes.  Interstitial Cystitis-long-term (chronic) inflammation of the bladder wall.  Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)-infection that can happen anywhere along the urinary tract

7.  Bladder Stones-hard buildups of minerals that form in the urinary bladder.  Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)-chronic kidney disease is the slow loss of kidney function over time.  Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)-kidney disorder involving damage to the tubule cells of the kidneys, resulting in acute kidney failure

8.  Diabetic Nephropathy-kidney disease or damage that results as a complication of diabetes.  Membranous Glomerulonephritis- kidney disorder which involves changes and inflammation of the structures inside the kidneys that help filter waste and fluids. The inflammation leads to problems with kidney function.

9.  Goodpasture Syndrome-rare disease that can involve rapidly progressive kidney failure along with lung disease.  Hepatorenal Syndrome-condition in which the kidneys fail suddenly in person cirrhosis of the liver. It’s a serious complication of cirrhosis.  Hydronephrosis- swelling of one kidney due to backup of urine

10.  Pyelonephritis-inflammation of the kidney and upper urinary tract that usually results from noncontagious bacterial infection of the bladder.  Ureteral Obstruction-sudden blockage in one of the ureters that drain from the kidneys.  Urethral Stricture-abnormal narrowing of the tube that carries urine out of the body from the bladder or urethra

11.  Lupus Nephrititus-is a kidney disorder that is a complication of systemic lupus erythematosus  Urinary Tract Obstruction- obstruction uropathy is a condition in which the flow of urine is blocked, causing it to back up and injure one or both kidneys

12.  Kidney Infections-infection of the kidney by bacteria, fungi, or viruses.  Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus- disorder in which a defect in the tubules in the kidneys causes a person to pass a large amount of urine.

13.  End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)- complete or, almost complete failure of the kidneys to function.  Hypertensive Renal Disease-caused primarily by chronic high blood pressure (hypertension) over many years.  Glomerulonephritis-a type of kidney disease in which the part of your kidneys that helps filter waste and fluids from the blood is damaged.

16.  Cystitis is a common female problem. It is estimated that 50% of adult women experience at least one episode of dysuria (painful urination); half of these patients have a bacterial UTI. Between 2–5% of women's visits to primary care doctors are for UTI symptoms. About 90% of UTIs in women are uncomplicated but recurrent.

17.  Cystitis in men:  UTIs are uncommon in younger and middle- aged men, but may occur as complications of bacterial infections of the kidney or prostate gland.

18.  Preventive measures for women include:  Drinking large amounts of fluid  Voiding frequently, particularly after intercourse  Proper cleansing of the area around the urethra

19.  Males  The primary preventive measure for males is prompt treatment of prostate infections. Chronic prostatitis may go unnoticed, but can trigger recurrent UTIs. In addition, males who require temporary catheterization following surgery can be given antibiotics to lower the risk of UTIs.

20.  can form when urine contains too much of certain substances. These substances can create small crystals that become stones.

21.  The biggest risk factor for kidney stones is dehydration.  Kidney stones may not produce symptoms until they begin to move down the tubes (ureters) through which urine empties into the bladder. When this happens, the stones can block the flow of urine out of the kidneys. This causes swelling of the kidney or kidneys, causing pain. The pain is usually severe.  here are different types of kidney stones. The exact cause depends on the type of stone.

22.  Calcium stones are most common. They occur more often in men than in women, and usually appear between ages 20 - 30. They are likely to come back. Calcium can combine with other substances, such as oxalate (the most common substance), phosphate, or carbonate to form the stone. Oxalate is present in certain foods. Diseases of the small intestine increase the risk of forming calcium oxalate stones.

23.  Cystine stones can form in people who have cystinuria. This disorder runs in families and affects both men and women.

24.  Struvite stones are mostly found in women who have a urinary tract infection. These stones can grow very large and can block the kidney, ureter, or bladder.

25.  Uric acid stones are more common in men than in women. They can occur with gout or chemotherapy.

26.  is when you are not able to keep urine from leaking from your urethra, the tube that carries urine out of your body from your bladder. It can range from an occasional leakage of urine, to a complete inability to hold any urine.

27.  Performing Kegel exercises while you are pregnant and soon after delivery may help prevent incontinence related to childbirth.

28.  is passed down through families (inherited), usually as an autosomal dominant trait. If one parent carries the gene, the children have a 50% chance of developing the disorder.

29.  Abdominal pain or tenderness  Blood in the urine  Excessive urination at night  Flank pain on one or both sides

30.  Treatment may include:  Blood pressure medicines  Diuretics  Low-salt diet  Currently, no treatment can prevent the cysts from forming or enlarging. 