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An Outdoor Menace Don’t be “Ticked” By Lyme Disease What you may not know D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 61651 7/20/2014
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Did you know? The number of Americans diagnosed with Lyme Disease is estimated to be about 300,000 Although Lyme Disease is commonly associated with the Northeast part of the U.S., the number of cases are becoming more prevalent in other parts of the country as well Lyme Disease risk is increasing due to bites from the blacklegged tick Lyme Disease has recently been confirmed in humans residing in the South D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 2 7/20/2014
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A Brief History First discovered in the mid-1970s Symptoms observed in children from Lyme, Connecticut Initially diagnosed as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Clinicians targeted causative agent as infectious bacteria Isolated from the gut of ticks endemic to Shelter Island, NY Confirmation made by Willy Burgdorfer, NIAID researcher D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 3 7/20/2014
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WHAT IS LYME DISEASE? Infectious Disease Caused by spirochete bacterium Transmitted by ticks Multi-systemic Signs & Symptoms Fever Headache Fatigue Skin rash Infection D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 4 7/20/2014
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WHO CAN GET LYME DISEASE? Hikers Hunters Campers Fishermen Gardeners Landscapers Rural Inhabitants Outdoor Recreation Lovers D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 5 7/20/2014
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THE CULPRIT SPIROCHETE BACTERIUM BORRELIA SPECIES B. burgdorferi B. americana B andersonii D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 6 7/20/2014
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HOW LYME DISEASE IS TRANSMITTED An unfed nymph carries spirochete bacteria in the lumenal side of its gut Spirochetes multiply 17-fold in the midgut Spirochetes travel from midgut through hemolymph to the salivary glands Regurgitated gut fluid is transmitted during feeding through salivary glands Salivary glands release spirochetes into vertebrate host D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 7 7/20/2014
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THE VECTOR (aka Spirochete Transmitter) D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 8 7/20/2014
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LYME DISEASE HOSTS Mice Deer Humans Wild Birds Other Animals D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 9 7/20/2014
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TICK LIFE CYCLE D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 10 7/20/2014
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MECHANISM OF ACTION AGENT DUAL PATHWAY D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 11 7/20/2014
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TICK GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 12 7/20/2014
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How do the cases stack up? Confirmed cases of Lyme disease by state or locality, 2001-2011 Year 20012002200320042005200620072008200920102011 U.S. Total 17,02923,76321,27319,80423,30519,93127,44428,92129,95922,56124,364 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 13 7/20/2014
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Case Prevalence D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 14 7/20/2014
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Cases by Age and Sex D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 15 7/20/2014
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LYME DISEASE SURVEILLANCE Regular surveillance is done by the CDC Reports are submitted by U.S. Health Departments Lyme Disease information is made available to the public through the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Public health practitioners use reported information to tailor interventions especially for endemic populations D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 16 7/20/2014
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A Look at Some Signs Classic Bull’s Eye Rash D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 17 7/20/2014 Spreading Rash
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PREVENTION! Outdoor ProtectionTick Removal D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 18 7/20/2014
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A testimony from someone who knows… D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 19 7/20/2014
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TREATMENT OPTIONS 7/20/2014 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 20 If caught early, Lyme Disease can be treated with one of the following antibiotics: Doxycycline Amoxicillin Cefuroxine Axetil If the illness is related to neurological or cardiac complications, intravenous application of the following may be required: Penicillin Ceftriaxone
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REFERENCES American Lyme Disease Foundation (ALDF). (2011). U.S. maps and statistics. Retrieved from http://www.aldf.com/usmap.shtml http://www.aldf.com/usmap.shtml Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Americans diagnosed with Lyme disease: Number may be 10 times more than reported. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130819182855.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130819182855.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Confirmed lyme disease cases by age and sex - - United States, 2001 – 2010. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebyagesex.html http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/incidencebyagesex.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Life cycle of blacklegged ticks. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/blacklegged.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/lyme/transmission/blacklegged.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Life cycle of hard ticks that spread disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ticks/life_cycle_and_hosts.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/ticks/life_cycle_and_hosts.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014, May). Lime disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/ http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2014). Lyme Disease. Treatment. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/lyme/treatment/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Lyme disease frequently asked questions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/faq/index.html#lonestar onhttp://www.cdc.gov/lyme/faq/index.html#lonestar Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Reported cases of lyme disease by year, United States, 2003 – 2012. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/casesbyyear.html http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/chartstables/casesbyyear.html 7/20/2014 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 21
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REFERENCES, Cont’d Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2012). Lyme Disease. Reported cases of lyme disease: United States, 2012. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps/map2012.html http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/stats/maps/map2012.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Signs and symptoms of lyme disease. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/lyme/signs_symptoms/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2008, October). Surveillance for lyme disease – United States, 1996 – 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 57(SS10):1-9. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5710a1.htmhttp://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5710a1.htm Clark, K., Leydet, B., & Hartman, S. (2013). Lyme borreliosis in human patients in Florida and Georgia, USA. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(7):915-931. doi:10.7150/ijms.6273. Clark, K. (2014, May 14). Lyme disease is spreading. [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwVuzx3RdZc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwVuzx3RdZc Eisen, R., Piesman, J., Zielinski-Gutierrez, E., & Eisen, L. (2012). What do we need to know about disease ecology to prevent Lyme disease in the northeastern United States? Journal of Medical Entomology, 49(1):1-236. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME11138http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME11138 Fallon, B., & Nields, J. (1994, November). Lyme disease: A neuropsychiatric illness. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(11):1571-1583. Retrieved from http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=170646 http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=170646 Gathany, J. & Nicholson, W. (2013). Americans diagnosed with Lyme disease: Number may be 10 times more than reported. ScienceDaily. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130819182855.htm http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/08/130819182855.htm Hamer, S., Tsao, J., Walker, E., & Hickling, G. (2010, August). Invasion of the lyme disease vector ixodes scapularis: Implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity. Ecohealth, 7(1):47-63. doi: 10.1007/s10393-010-0287-0. 7/20/2014 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 22
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REFERENCES, Cont’d Hear Nebraska. (2012). Concert to benefit lyme disease treatment, education. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://hearnebraska.org/feature/concert-benefit-lyme-disease-treatment- education-guest-column/http://hearnebraska.org/feature/concert-benefit-lyme-disease-treatment- education-guest-column/ Lime Disease.org. (2013). Touched by lyme: How to protect yourself in tick territory. Retrieved from http://lymedisease.org/news/touchedbylyme/protect-yourself-from- ticks.htmlhttp://lymedisease.org/news/touchedbylyme/protect-yourself-from- ticks.html Lime Disease Guide.org. (LDG) (n.d.). Lime disease morphology. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://lymediseaseguide.org/lyme-disease-morphology http://lymediseaseguide.org/lyme-disease-morphology Lyme Disease Guide.org. (n.d.). Lyme disease prevention – vaccination. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://lymediseaseguide.org/lyme-disease-prevention-vaccinationhttp://lymediseaseguide.org/lyme-disease-prevention-vaccination Middlesex-London Health Unit (MLHU). (2014). How to properly remove a tick. [Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.healthunit.com/submit-tick-health-unithttps://www.healthunit.com/submit-tick-health-unit Munderloh, P. & Kurtti, T. (2005). The abc’s of lyme disease spirochaetes in ticks. The Lancet, 366:962. [PDF]. New York State Department of Health (NYSDH). (2011). Lyme disease (tick-borne borreliosis, lyme arthritis). Retrieved from https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/lyme/fact_sheet.htm https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/lyme/fact_sheet.htm Nuttall, P. A., & Labuda, M. (2004). Tick-host interactions: Saliva-activated transmission. Parasitology, 129, S177-89. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/750573476?accountid=14872 http://search.proquest.com/docview/750573476?accountid=14872 Piesman, J., & Schneider, B. (2002). Dynamic changes in lyme disease spirochetes during transmission by nymphal ticks. Experimental & Applied Acarology, 28(1-4), 141-5. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220128404?accountid=14872http://search.proquest.com/docview/220128404?accountid=14872 7/20/2014 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 23
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REFERENCES, Cont’d Radolf, J., Caimano, M., Stevenson, B. & Hu, L. (2012, February). Of ticks, mice, and men: understanding the dual host lifestyle of lyme disease spirochaetes. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 10:87-99. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2714. Sheil, W. Jr. (2014). Lyme disease pictures slideshow: Symptoms and treatment. MedicineNet.com. [Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/lyme_disease_pictures_slideshow/article.htm University of North Florida (UNF). (2014, May). Lyme disease confirmed in humans from southern states. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140513091115.htm www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140513091115.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). (2012). A history of lyme disease, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Retrieved from http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/lymedisease/understanding/Pages/intro.aspx http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/lymedisease/understanding/Pages/intro.aspx Virginia Department of Public Health (VDPH). (2014). Vector-borne disease control. Retrieved from http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/DEE/Vectorborne/http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/DEE/Vectorborne/ 7/20/2014 D. Eakins, MPH PUBH 6165 24
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