1. Cell Reproduction I. Introduction A. History

2. 1. R. R. Brown, 1840’s, showed the existence of the nucleus or “brain of the cell” 2. W. W. Fleming 1860’s, dark staining threads appeared to “dance” in nucleus before new cells formed, outlined the steps of mitosis 3. A. A. Weismann in 1887 proposed meiosis for sex cells

3. II. Strategies A. Prokaryotes

4. 1. Binary Fission or by 2. Endospore Formation Figure 12.11 Figure 27.9

5. B. Eukaryotes

6. 1. Asexual by mitosis a. Animals Advantage Disadvantage i. Fission Figure 27.9

7. ii. Budding Figure 13.2

8. iii. Fragmenting

9. b. Plants do runners, spore formation, or budding c. Fungi do budding or spore formation d. Protists are just weird

10. 1. Sexual by mitosis Advantage Disadvantage a. Plants = alternation of generations

11. b. Fungi same strategy as plants c. Protists again weird d. Animals i. Parthenogenesis

12. ii. Hermaphrodite Figure 46.7

13. iii. Sequential Hermaphrodite Figure 46.4

14. iv. Monoecious vs. Dioecious

15. v. Polygyny vs. Polyandry

16. III. Cell Cycle A. Definition B. Stages

17. Figure 12.5 1. Interphase a. Gap 1 (G1)(G1)b. Sc. Gap 2 (G2)(G2)

18. Figure 12.5 2. Division a. Mitosis or Meiosisb. Cytokinesis

19. C. Controls

20. What could be a signal? 1. External a. Hormones Figure 12.17

21. b. Contact Inhibition Figure 12.18

22. 2. Internal Figure 12.14 a. Biological Clock

23. b. Cyclin & Kinases Figure 12.15

24. D. Cancer

25. 1. Classification a. Benign Figure 12.19 b. Malignantc. Metastatic

26. 1. Classification

27. 2. Types a. omas Oral Squamous cellMelanomaGlioma

28. IV. Mitosis A. Definition B. Phases

29. 1. Prophase a. Condense Chromosomes Figure 12.4

30. 1. Prophase b. Dismantle Nuclear Membrane Figure 12.6

31. 1. Prophase c. Build Spindle Fibers Figure 12.6

32. 2. Metaphase a. Line Up Sisters Figure 12.6 Figure 12.7

33. 3. Anaphase a. Separate Sisters Figure 12.6Figure 12.8

34. 4. Telophase a. Reverse Prophase Figure 12.6

35. V. Cytokinesis A. Definition B. Strategies

36. 1. Animals a. Cleavage Furrow a. Cell Plate Figure 12.9 2. Plants

38. VI. Meiosis A. Definition B. Terms

39. 1. Karyotype Figure 13.3

40. 2. Homologous Chromosomes Figure 13.4 a. Diploid b. Haploid

41. C. Phases

42. Figure 13.8 1. Meiosis I

43. 2. Meiosis II Figure 13.8

44. VII. Comparison

45. Figure 13.9

46. VIII. Variation from Meiosis A. Independent Assortment

47. Figure 13.10

48. B. Crossing Over

49. Figure 13.11

50. C. Random Fertilization

51. IX. Problems from Meiosis A. Nondisjunction

52. 1. Whole chromosome Figure 15.12a a. Anaphase I

53. Figure 15.12b b. Anaphase II

54. B. Chromosomal Disruptions

55. 1. Occurs when 2. Good or Bad? Figure 15.14

56. Choice is a gift, choose wisely.