1. 2005-06 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) Tuberculosis (TB) and Life Styles NFHS-3, 2005-06

2. Presentation covers … Tuberculosis Tobacco and Alcohol use (life styles) In NFHS-3, information on persons in the household with TB comes from the household respondent Information on TB awareness, misconceptions, and stigma comes from the women’s and men’s questionnaires Prevalence of TB, primarily of medically treated (which is a more reliable measure of TB in the population)

3. Prevalence of reported as well as medically treated TB higher among men NFHS-3, 2005-06 Per 100,000 persons Since NFHS-2, reported TB has declined by 18%, but the level of medically treated TB has not changed

4. NFHS-3, 2005-06 Per 100,000 persons TB prevalence higher among older persons, least among children Age

5. TB prevalence is higher in rural areas (by 57%) NFHS-3, 2005-06 Per 100,000 persons

6. TB prevalence is highest in 3 states, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Bihar NFHS-3, 2005-06 Per 100,000 persons

7. NFHS-3, 2005-06

8. Prevalence highest in households using solid fuels for cooking NFHS-3, 2005-06 Per 100,000 persons

9. Awareness of TB is very high (89%), higher among men, in urban areas NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage)

10. Over half know that TB is spread through air, higher among men and in urban areas NFHS-3, 2005-06

11. Misconceptions about TB transmission high; same levels of misconceptions by sex and residence NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage)

12. More men (over 80%) and urban residents (89%) correctly believe TB can be cured NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage)

13. More than four-fifths do not want family members’ TB status to be a secret from neighbours; similar levels indicated by sex, residence NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage)

14. Conclusions: Tuberculosis  NFHS-3 demonstrates that use of solid fuels increases the TB level; the lowest prevalence is in households using clean fuels such as gas/electricity  Misconceptions about TB transmission are still high, suggesting the need for awareness campaigns  Programmes need to address higher prevalence groups such as older persons, persons in rural areas, and persons in the east and northeastern parts of India NFHS-3, 2005-06

15. Life styles: Tobacco and alcohol use  Tobacco and alcohol are important risk factors for morbidity and mortality among adults  Studies associate alcohol use with accidents/injuries and violence against women  Tobacco and alcohol use by women, especially during pregnancy, is a matter of concern since it entails serious reproductive risks NFHS-3, 2005-06

16. Overall, higher tobacco use among men (nearly 60%) and in rural areas NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage)

17. Few women use tobacco, but a sizeable proportion use when risk is highest Tobacco use is only 11 percent among women, but nearly 1 in 10 pregnant and breastfeeding women also use tobacco Among women who smoke, over 9 in 10 smoked at least one cigarette/bidi in the past 24 hours NFHS-3, 2005-06

18. In three states more than 40% of women use any tobacco, highest in Mizoram (61%) NFHS-3, 2005-06

19. Use of any tobacco is much higher among men than women, NFHS-3, 2005-06 More than two-thirds of men in 11 states use tobacco

20. NFHS-3, 2005-06

21. Key findings …  Men’s use of any tobacco increases by age (twice as high among adult men than adolescents)  Use is higher in the lowest wealth quintile (74%) and in rural areas (61%)  About 1 in 10 women use tobacco even during pregnancy and while breastfeeding NFHS-3, 2005-06

22. Key findings …  36% of men chew paan masala, gutkha, or other tobacco  33% of men smoke cigarettes or bidis  Among men and women who smoke, more than 9 in 10 smoked at least one cigarette/bidi in the last 24 hours  Among men who smoke, 61% smoked more than 5 cigarettes/bidis in the past 24 hours NFHS-3, 2005-06

23. Nearly one-third of men drink alcohol; higher among men, rural areas (33%) NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage) Alcohol use by women is rare.

24. In 20 states, over one-third of men use alcohol NFHS-3, 2005-06 (Percentage)

25. NFHS-3, 2005-06