2. Stoichiometry Introduction: Matter and Measurement

3. Stoichiometry Units of Measurement

4. Stoichiometry SI Units Système International d’Unités Uses a different base unit for each quantity

5. Stoichiometry Metric System Prefixes convert the base units into units that are appropriate for the item being measured.

6. Stoichiometry THE METRIC SYSTEM

7. Stoichiometry WHY DO WE USE THE METRIC SYSTEM? Almost all other countries are using the metric system Other countries’ companies are refusing to buy products from the U.S. if not labeled in metric units Scientists need a universal way to communicate data (SI Units)

8. Stoichiometry APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS BETWEEN METRIC & US LENGTH UNITS A meter is about the same length as a yard A meter is about three feet long A decimeter is about four inches long An inch is about 25 millimeters A foot contains about 30 centimeters A foot contains about 3 decimeters

9. Stoichiometry WHAT DOES THE METRIC SYSTEM MEASURE? The gram measures mass or how much something weighs The liter measures volume which is used when measuring liquids The meter measures the length of an object or the distance from place to place

10. Stoichiometry THE METRIC CONVERSION CHART (STAIRCASE METHOD) Kilo 1000 units Hecto 100 units Deka 10 units Basic Unit Deci 0.1 units Centi 0.01 units Milli 0.001 units To convert to a smaller unit, move decimal point to the right or multiply. To convert to a larger unit, move decimal point to the left or divide

11. Stoichiometry TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD 1000 mg = ______ g Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the ladder. Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. Step 3: Move the decimal point the amount of places that was determined in steps 1 & 2.

12. Stoichiometry TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD 1000 mg = ______ g Step 1: Determine if you are going to go up or down the ladder. Step 2: Determine how many steps there are from milligrams to grams. Step 3: Move the decimal point the amount of places that was determined in steps 1 & 2. 1

13. Stoichiometry TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD.15 L = __________ ml

14. Stoichiometry TRY THIS USING THE STAIRCASE METHOD.15 L = __________ ml 150

15. Stoichiometry Volume The most commonly used metric units for volume are the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL). □A liter is a cube 1 dm long on each side. □A milliliter is a cube 1 cm long on each side.

16. Stoichiometry Uncertainty in Measurements Different measuring devices have different uses and different degrees of accuracy.

17. Stoichiometry Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample.

18. Stoichiometry Temperature In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used. The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water. □0  C is the freezing point of water. □100  C is the boiling point of water.

19. Stoichiometry Temperature The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature. It is based on the properties of gases. There are no negative Kelvin temperatures. K =  C + 273.15

20. Stoichiometry Temperature The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.  F = 9/5(  C) + 32  C = 5/9(  F − 32)

21. Stoichiometry A Standard Measurement System The Metric System

22. Stoichiometry When and why was the metric system invented? The metric system was invented in 1790 The metric system was invented because countries were using many different systems of measurement causing confusion and lack of consistency

23. Stoichiometry Who invented the metric system? The metric system was invented by a group of French scientists

24. Stoichiometry Metric System A system of measurement used by the majority of countries on Earth based on the number 10

25. Stoichiometry A Standard Measurement System The International System of Units (SI)

26. Stoichiometry Scientists all over the world use the International System of Units to measure: Length Volume Mass Density Temperature Time

27. Stoichiometry Figure 1: Calculating - How much larger is a kilo- than a deka-? 100 times

28. Stoichiometry Reading Checkpoint (page 45): SI units are based on multiples of what number? SI units are based on multiples of 10 Add a zero Subtract a zero

29. Stoichiometry Key Concept: Why do scientists use a standard measurement system? Using SI as the standard system of measurement allows scientists to compare data and communicate with each other about their results Using SI measurement also allows experiments to be repeated and most importantly achieve a desired result

30. Stoichiometry Length

31. Stoichiometry What is length? Length is the distance from one point to another

32. Stoichiometry Length Units of Length

33. Stoichiometry The basic unit of length in the SI system is the … The basic unit of length in the SI system is the meter

34. Stoichiometry The two units that measure the length of smaller objects are, … millimeter centimeter

35. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milli one-hundredth meter one-thousand

36. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandth one-hundredth meter one-thousand

37. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter one-hundredth meter one-thousand

38. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter centione-hundredth meter one-thousand

39. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter centione-hundredthcentimeter meter one-thousand

40. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter centione-hundredthcentimeter nonemeter one-thousand

41. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter centione-hundredthcentimeter noneonemeter one-thousand

42. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter centione-hundredthcentimeter noneonemeter kiloone-thousand

43. Stoichiometry Complete the Table Below PrefixMeaningUnit of Length milliOne-thousandthmillimeter centione-hundredthcentimeter noneonemeter kiloone-thousandkilometer

44. Stoichiometry Length Measuring Length

45. Stoichiometry The longer lines on the metric ruler are called… centimeters

46. Stoichiometry The shorter lines on the metric ruler are called… millimeters

47. Stoichiometry Checkpoint One centimeter is divided into how many millimeters? 10 millimeters (mm)

48. Stoichiometry Figure 2: Calculating: Measure the turtle in figure 2 from the rear of its shell to the tip of its nose. Record its length in both centimeters and millimeters. 10.5 cm 105 mm

49. Stoichiometry Density

50. Stoichiometry Density The measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume

51. Stoichiometry The formula of density is: Density = Mass / Volume

52. Stoichiometry Figure 5: Comparing Densities - Inferring: Which item has the greater density? The bowling ball Since the bowling bowl has a greater mass, it has a greater density, even though both balls have the same volume

53. Stoichiometry Density Units of Density

54. Stoichiometry Why is density expressed as a combination of two different units? Because density is actually made up of two other measurements – mass and volume – an objects density is expressed as a combination of two units

55. Stoichiometry Two Common Units For Density Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³) Grams per milliliter (g/mL)

56. Stoichiometry Math Practice: What is the density of a wood block with a volume of 125 cm³ and a mass of 57 g? Density = mass / volume Density = 57 g / 125 cm³ Density = 0.46 g/ cm³

57. Stoichiometry Math Practice: What is the density of a liquid with a mass of 45 g and a volume of 48 mL? Density = mass / volume Density = 45 g / 48 mL Density = 0.94 g/mL

58. Stoichiometry Density Densities of Common Substances

59. Stoichiometry The density of a substance is the ______for all samples of that substance. Same

60. Stoichiometry An object will float if it is _____ _____ than a surrounding liquid. Less dense

61. Stoichiometry Figure 6: Applying Concepts: How could you use density to determine whether a bar of metal is pure gold? If the bar of gold has a density that is greater than or less than 19.3 g/cm³, then the sample is not pure gold. Densities of Some Common Substances SubstanceDensity (g/cm³) Air0.001 Ice0.9 Water1.0 Aluminum2.7 Gold19.3

62. Stoichiometry Checkpoint Will an object with a density of 0.7 g/cm³ float or sink in water? An object that has a density of 0.7 g/cm³ will float in water (1 g/cm³) because it is less dense than water

63. Stoichiometry Density: Physical property of a substance d=d= mVmV

64. Stoichiometry Time

65. Stoichiometry Time Units of Time

66. Stoichiometry What is the SI unit used to measure time? The second(s) is the SI unit to measure time

67. Stoichiometry Common Conversions for Time 1s= =60 s 1h=

68. Stoichiometry Common Conversions for Time 1s=1,000 ms =60 s 1h=

69. Stoichiometry Common Conversions for Time 1s=1,000 ms 1 min=60 s 1h=

70. Stoichiometry Common Conversions for Time 1s=1,000 ms 1 min=60 s 1h=60 min

71. Stoichiometry Time Measuring Time

72. Stoichiometry Why would a stop watch be used to measure time in an important race? Because stop watches measure in units smaller than the second These measurements include the tenth and hundredth of a second

73. Stoichiometry Checkpoint - How many milliseconds are in one second? 1,000 milliseconds

74. Stoichiometry Temperature

75. Stoichiometry Temperature Units of Temperature

76. Stoichiometry A common unit to measure temperature is the ___ ___. Celsius scale

77. Stoichiometry Water freezes at ______ and boils at ______. 0 °C 100 °C

78. Stoichiometry The normal human body temperature is approximately ________. 37 °C

79. Stoichiometry What is the official SI unit for temperature? The Kelvin Scale (°K) 0 °K = -273 °C

80. Stoichiometry Figure 8: Measuring Temperature - Observing: At what temperature on the Kelvin scale does water boil? 373 °K

81. Stoichiometry What is absolute zero? Absolute zero is considered by scientists to be the coldest temperature possible 0 °K or –273 °C

82. Stoichiometry Temperature Measuring Temperature

83. Stoichiometry What instrument is used to measure temperature? Thermometer

84. Stoichiometry Volume

85. Stoichiometry Volume The amount of space an object takes up

86. Stoichiometry Volume Volume of Liquids

87. Stoichiometry When measuring the volume of a liquid, scientists use a unit known as the… Liter (L).

88. Stoichiometry To measure the volume of smaller liquids, the _________ is used. Milliliter (mL)

89. Stoichiometry The instrument used to measure the volume of liquids is called the… Graduated cylinder.

90. Stoichiometry This instrument has markings that are in increments of… 1 milliliter (mL)

91. Stoichiometry Meniscus The curve in the top surface of water in the graduated cylinder

92. Stoichiometry Figure 4: Observing - What is the proper way to read a meniscus? Read the milliliter marking at the bottom of the curve

93. Stoichiometry Volume Volume of Rectangular Solids

94. Stoichiometry Common Conversions For Volume 1 L= =1,000 cm³ 1 mL=

95. Stoichiometry Common Conversions For Volume 1 L=1,000 mL =1,000 cm³ 1 mL=

96. Stoichiometry Common Conversions For Volume 1 L=1,000 mL 1 L=1,000 cm³ 1 mL=

97. Stoichiometry Common Conversions For Volume 1 L=1,000 mL 1 L=1,000 cm³ 1 mL=1 cm³

98. Stoichiometry How can the volume of a solid object such as a shoebox be measured? To measure a solid objects that are regular shaped, a formula for volume can be applied To measure a rectangular object such as a shoebox, multiply the object’s length, width, and height

99. Stoichiometry The SI unit known for measuring solids with a larger volume is known as the… Cubic meter (m³).

100. Stoichiometry The formula for calculating the volume of a rectangular object is: Volume = Length x Width x Height

101. Stoichiometry Why is the unit cm³ used when calculating the volume of a rectangular object? When multiplying the object’s length, width and height, the cm units are also multiplied cm x cm x cm = cm³

102. Stoichiometry Suppose a cereal box is 10 centimeters long, 4 centimeters wide, and 20 centimeters high. What would be the volume of the box? Volume = Length x Width x Height Volume = 10 cm x 4 cm x 20 cm Volume = 800 cm³

103. Stoichiometry Checkpoint What is a cubic meter? The SI unit used to measure solids with a larger volume A cubic meter is equal to the volume of a cube that measures 1 meter on each side

104. Stoichiometry Volume Volume of Irregular Solids

105. Stoichiometry How is the volume of an irregular solid such as a rock measured? To measure the volume of an irregular solid, immerse the object in water, and measure how much the water level rises Water displacement method

106. Stoichiometry How does the water displacement method work? Record the volume of water in the graduated cylinder Carefully place the irregular solid into the water. Record the volume of the water plus the object Subtract the volume of the water alone from the volume of the water plus the object

107. Stoichiometry Uncertainty in Measurement

108. Stoichiometry Significant Figures The term significant figures refers to digits that were measured. When rounding calculated numbers, we pay attention to significant figures so we do not overstate the accuracy of our answers.

109. Stoichiometry Significant Figures 1.All nonzero digits are significant. 2.Zeroes between two significant figures are themselves significant. 3.Zeroes at the beginning of a number are never significant. 4.Zeroes at the end of a number are significant if a decimal point is written in the number.

110. Stoichiometry Significant Figures When addition or subtraction is performed, answers are rounded to the least significant decimal place. When multiplication or division is performed, answers are rounded to the number of digits that corresponds to the least number of significant figures in any of the numbers used in the calculation.

111. Stoichiometry Relating Significant Figures to the Uncertainty of a Measurement What difference exists between the measured values 4.0 g and 4.00 g? Solution Many people would say there is no difference, but a scientist would note the difference in the number of significant figures in the two measurements. The value 4.0 has two significant figures, while 4.00 has three. This difference implies that the first measurement has more uncertainty. A mass of 4.0 g indicates that the uncertainty is in the first decimal place of the measurement. Thus, the mass might be anything between 3.9 and 4.1 g, which we can represent as 4.0 ± 0.1 g. A measurement of 4.00 g implies that the uncertainty is in the second decimal place. Thus, the mass might be anything between 3.99 and 4.01 g, which we can represent as 4.00 ± 0.01 g. Without further information, we cannot be sure whether the difference in uncertainties of the two measurements reflects the precision or accuracy of the measurement.

112. Stoichiometry Answer: five, as in the measurement 24.995 g PRACTICE EXERCISE A balance has a precision of ± 0.001 g. A sample that has a mass of about 25 g is placed on this balance. How many significant figures should be reported for this measurement?

113. Stoichiometry SAMPLE EXERCISE 1.6 Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Measurement How many significant figures are in each of the following numbers (assume that each number is a measured quantity): (a)4.003, (b) 6.023  10 23, (c) 5000? Four; the zeros are significant figures Four; the exponential term does not add to the number of significant figures. One. We assume that the zeros are not significant when there is no decimal point shown. If the number has more significant figures, a decimal point should be employed or the number written in exponential notation. Thus, 5000. has four significant figures, whereas 5.00  10 3 has three.

114. Stoichiometry PRACTICE EXERCISE How many significant figures are in each of the following measurements: (a) 3.549 g, (b) 23  10 4 cm, (c) 0.00134 m 3 ? Answers: (c) three (b) two, (a) four,

115. Stoichiometry Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Calculated Quantity The width, length, and height of a small box are 15.5 cm, 27.3 cm, and 5.4 cm, respectively. Calculate the volume of the box, using the correct number of significant figures in your answer. Solution The volume of a box is determined by the product of its width, length, and height. In reporting the product, we can show only as many significant figures as given in the dimension with the fewest significant figures, that for the height (two significant figures): When we use a calculator to do this calculation, the display shows 2285.01, which we must round off to two significant figures. Because the resulting number is 2300, it is best reported in exponential notation, 2.3  10 3, to clearly indicate two significant figures.

116. Stoichiometry PRACTICE EXERCISE It takes 10.5 s for a sprinter to run 100.00 m. Calculate the average speed of the sprinter in meters per second, and express the result to the correct number of significant figures. Answer: 9.52 m/s (3 significant figures)

117. Stoichiometry Determining the Number of Significant Figures in a Calculated Quantity A gas at 25°C fills a container whose volume is 1.05  10 3 cm 3. The container plus gas have a mass of 837.6 g. The container, when emptied of all gas, has a mass of 836.2 g. What is the density of the gas at 25°C? Solution To calculate the density, we must know both the mass and the volume of the gas. The mass of the gas is just the difference in the masses of the full and empty container: (837.6 – 836.2) g = 1.4 g In subtracting numbers, we determine the number of significant figures in our result by counting decimal places in each quantity. In this case each quantity has one decimal place. Thus, the mass of the gas, 1.4 g, has one decimal place. Using the volume given in the question, 1.05  10 3 cm 3, and the definition of density, we have In dividing numbers, we determine the number of significant figures in our result by counting the number of significant figures in each quantity. There are two significant figures in our answer, corresponding to the smaller number of significant figures in the two numbers that form the ratio.

118. Stoichiometry To how many significant figures should the mass of the container be measured (with and without the gas) in Sample Exercise 1.8 in order for the density to be calculated to three significant figures? Answer: five (In order for the difference in the two masses to have three significant figures, there must be two decimal places in the masses of the filled and empty containers.)

119. Stoichiometry Accuracy versus Precision Accuracy refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity. Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.