1. Solution Provider bij bodemsanering Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Use of direct injection techniques as a sustainable approach to In Situ remediation > 20 years experience Groundwater Technology Eric de Zeeuw

2. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Content 2-8-2015 1.Two cases where direct injection is the best (only?) option 2.Case 1 in Weesp (ISCR and ISGS) 3.Case 2 in Leiden (ISCR) 4.Case in Leiden: Carbon footprint of ISCR compared to ISCO and P&T 5.Conclusions

3. Solution Provider bij bodemsanering Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Case 1 (Weesp) In Situ Chemical Reduction and In Situ Stabilisation ISCR & ISSTAB At former Dry Cleaner

4. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Issue 2-8-2015 Ex dry-cleaners facility in 16th century building. Designated monument & on cultural heritage list; part of old city centre Weesp on water front Volatile chlorinated ethenes, degrading Low permeability soil Highly susceptible to subsidence Transfer of ownership: future liability is an issue

5. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Site Overview 2-8-2015 Site

6. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Problem 2-8-2015  Contamination extends over 150 m 2 (source: 60 m 2, vertical extent > 7 m);  Migration appears to be minimal;  Typical approach: ‘monitored natural attenuation’;  Is there an alternative for an infinite period of monitoring ?

7. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Conceptual model 2-8-2015 Basic model:  Topsoil, very fine sand, slightly permeable; 0 - 2.5 m  Clay 2.5 – 6 m  Clay & peat layers 6 – 7 m (up to 50 mg/kg VOCl)  Deeper than 7m: Aquifer (7 – 10 m: fine sand)

8. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation GT Solution 2-8-2015 Ruled out:  Pump & treat, sparge & vent (subsidence)  ISCO (presence of peat)  Excavation Ruled in:  In Situ chemical reduction  In Situ stabilization

9. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation ISSTAB 2-8-2015 ISGS tm = a catalyzed, buffered sodium permanganate (delivered by Adventus USA): In the presence of an organic compound (R), MnO4 - reactions yield an oxidized intermediate (Rox) or CO 2,… plus MnO 2 R + MnO 4 -  MnO 2 + CO 2 or Rox

10. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation GT approach 2-8-2015 Intensive mass reduction followed by in situ stabilization Intensive step:  In Situ Chemical Reduction: inject micro- iron slurry (ZVI)  Inject substrate & nutrients to promote in situ biodegradation along the harbour side Polishing step:  Reduce permeability to stop migration

11. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Implementation 2-8-2015 Two injection zones: 1. In front of premises  First round: 20 injection points, some oblique underneath building, to 7 m – grade: nano- iron & substrate  Second round: 20 injection points, some oblique underneath building, to 7 m – grade: to reduce permeability 2. Near the waterfront  15 injection points (vertical) as precaution

12. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Costs / duration 2-8-2015 OptionDurationCost estimate (euro) monitoringperpetual€1500 per annum Basic injection (nano- iron) Per injection event: 1 week; Total: 1-2 years €35K Additional injection (substrate) No additional time; May save one basic injection round €17K In Situ FixationNo additional time; May save one basic injection round €16K

13. Solution Provider bij bodemsanering Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Case 2 (Leiden) Former dry cleaner: Soil contaminated by Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

14. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation ISSUE  Remediation (soil & groundwater) in early ’90-s failed.  Dewatering for roadworks will spread contamination in source zone (& in plume)  GT requested to ‘keep source in place’

15. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation SITE OVERVIEW Site

16. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Conceptual model 2-8-2015  Topsoil, fine sand, slightly permeable; 0 - 1.5 m  Clay and peat 1.5 – 4.5 m  Deeper than 4.5 m: fine sand with clay layers (around 7 m DNAPL)  Source 150 m 3 : Concentrations PER up to 2,300 mg/kg (6.5 – 7.0 m)  560 kg PER  Plume: 16,500 m 3  33 kg PER, 29 kg TRI, 7 kg CIS and 5 kg VC

17. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation SOURCE ZONE 150 m 2

18. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation OVERVIEW PLUME

19. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation SOLUTION Options evaluated:  ISCO (Peroxide&Ozone) (Not in peat layers) as option to address source zone  In Situ chemical reduction as containment measure between the source zone and the dewatering  Biological approaches are not applicable in view of the relatively short timeframe.

20. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation TIME & COSTS OptionDurationCost estimate (euro) Peroxide & ozone 22 weeks;€66.000 Zero valent Iron injection2 weeks€36.000

21. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Carbon Footprint Method SKB-project Carbon Footprint Soil Remediation Project management TAUW Members: Groundwater Technology (and others) Result: Spreadsheet Model Calculation CO 2 emissions

22. Result: CO 2 3 Years P&T Water treatment 159.5 Tons, extraction 6.2 Tons CO 2

23. Result: ISCO (O 3 /H 2 O 2 ) ISCO: 5.7 Tons CO 2

24. Result: ISVR (ZVI) ZVI: 4.2 Tons CO 2

25. Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation CONCLUSIONS A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH? LESS CO 2 -EMISSIONS LESS € LESS DAMAGE (eg. Subsidence) NO HINDRANCE

26. Solution Provider bij bodemsanering Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Solution Provider for soil & groundwater remediation Leading in soil and groundwater remediation Groundwater Technology BV Sheffieldstraat 13P.O. Box 12115 3047 AN Rotterdam3004 CG Rotterdam Tel: +31 (0)10 238 2850 Incident response: +31 (0)10 238 2868 Fax: +31 (0)10 238 2869 E-mail: info@gtbv.nl Web: www.gtbv.nl Thanks for your Attention