1. Organizational Change Occurs when an organization restructures resources to –increase the ability to create value –improve effectiveness

2. Forces for Organizational Change Competitive forces Economic, political, and global forces Demographic and social forces Ethical forces

3. Organization-Level Resistance to Organizational Change Power and conflict Differences in functional orientation Mechanistic structures Organizational culture

4. Group norms Group cohesiveness Groupthink Group-Level Resistance to Organizational Change

5. Uncertainty and insecurity Selective perception and retention Habit Individual-Level Resistance to Organizational Change

6. Managing Change: Action Research Diagnose the Organization Determine the Desired Future State Implement Action –identify possible impediments to change –decide who will be responsible for changes –unfreeze, change, and refreeze procedures –assess the degree to which changes have accomplished the desired objectives Institutionalize Action Research

7. EducationCommunicationParticipationEmpowerment Managing Change: Overcoming Resistance