1. AP BIO
INTRO TO CELLS

2. Goals for the Day
Distinguish between a prokaryote and a eukaryote, and draw the evolutionary tree of how they are related
Be able to name the 3 parts of the cell theory

3. Question of the Day What is the typical size of a cell (generally)?
Are there exceptions?

4. Draw the basic phylogeny of living things

5. Prokaryote or Eukaryote?

6. Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

7. Animal Cell Model

8. Plant Cell Model

9. What are the characteristics of all cells?
Common Cell Features
Cell membrane-an outer boundary of the cell
Cytoplasm-interior substance of the cell
Cytoskeleton-structural support for the cell
DNA –form of genetic material
Ribosomes- cellular structures that make proteins

10. Fluid-Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane
Surround cytoplasm; regulates what enters/leaves; semi-permeable; phospholipid bilayer

11. “cell water”; most cellular activities occur here; dissolve waste; universal solvent; fluid background of cell

12. Nucleus Double-membraned Contains DNA (chromosomes) Contains nucleolus
makes RNA
Contains nucleolus
Makes ribosomes

13. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Studded with ribosomes (protein makers)
Transport proteins throughout cell
Very abundant in cells that make proteins

14. Smooth ER No ribosomes Usually transport lipids (like hormones)
Abundant in glands

15. Golgi apparatus Package stuff to be secreted by cells
Secretion “vesicles”
Some vesicles may be LYSOSOMES
Some may be filled with NT’s
Often connected with ER and cell membrane

16. How things work together (Nucleus, RER, Ribosomes, Golgi, Cell Membrane)

17. Lysosome
Lysosomes- small, spherical organelles that contain the cell’s digestive enzymes
Function: Digestion & Recycling
(The garbage man of the cell)

18. Structures of Plant Cells
Plants have three unique structures that are not found in animal cells:
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole

19. Cell Wall Provides Structure and Support Contains cellulose
Allows the cell to build pressure

20. Central Vacuole Central Vacuole:
Most of a plant cell’s volume is taken up by a large, membrane-bound space called the central vacuole.
The central vacuole stores water and may contain ions, nutrients, and wastes.

21. Contractile Vacuole in Protists

22. Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis Double-membraned
Light Energy -> Chemical Energy
Double-membraned
Stacks of thylakoids

23. Mitochondria Generate ATP from glucose Site of cellular respiration
Double membraned—cristae

24. Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Unique features:
Both are energy-related organelles
Have two membranes
Have their own DNA
Reproduce independently of the cell

25. Endosymbiotic Theory

26. Endosymbiotic Theory

27. Endosymbiotic Theory
If mitochondria and chloroplasts originally came from independent prokaryotes, what would be true of their DNA?

28. Endosymbiotic Theory

29. Cilia & Flagella
What would be the function in 1 word?

30. Goals for the Day
Become familiar with the cell organelles and their functions.
Be able to describe the function of specific organelles, and which types of organisms have them
(plants, animals both)
(Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Both)

31. Question of the Day What is the typical size of a cell (generally)?
Are there exceptions?

32. Your Organelles are on Facebook!
Group
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Ribosome
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi Body
Nucleus
Lysosome
Central Vacuole
Chloroplast
Cilia
Flagella
Contractile Vacuole

34. Name That Cell Name a cell in which you would find:
……a lot of ribosomes. Explain
……a lot of lysosomes. Explain
……a lot of Golgi apparatus. Explain
……a lot of mitochondria. Explain
……very few mitochondria. Explain

35. Frosted Mini-Cells
Glycocalyx
--Cell Recognition
--Self vs. Non-Self

36. Passive Transport WITH the Gradient NO ATP NEEDED!!!
Diffusion
Osmosis
--hypo, hyper, isotonic
--turgor pressure
--cytolysis
--plasmolysis
Facilitated Diffusion (channel/carrier proteins)

37. Active Transport ATP NEEDED!!!
Endocytosis
--phagocytosis
--pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis (LDL)
Contractile Vacuoles (Protists)

38. Passive vs. Active Transport

39. Diffusion/Osmosis

41. The “tonics”

42. What is This?

43. Active Transport in Action

44. Endocytosis Mechanisms

45. Exocytosis