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SPEECH SAMPLES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SPEECH OUTCOME Gunilla Henningsson SWEDEN
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How can we get comparable data sets? Two important variables to consider: nature of the speech sample type of speech data
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TYPE OF SPEECH SAMPLE a variable influencing SPEECH OUTCOME
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Clinical Experiences: assessment of speech samples based on syllable repetition : /papapa/ /pipipi/ spontaneous speech will result in different conclusions about the quality of the patient´s speech, i.e. on speech outcome
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Speech sampling context(s): 1)automatic speech (counting, days of week, months of year, etc.) 2)memorized material (nursery rhymes, prayers, etc.) 3)syllable repetition 4)single words/articulation test 5)sentence repetition 6)oral reading of sentences 7)spontaneous connected speech
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Regardless of which speech samples we are using there is in fact the individual target speech sounds on which we base our descriptions
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Examples from the battery of The Universal Reporting Parameters shows the same thing: (1) hypernasality: high vowels, some vowels, glides, liquids (2) hyponasality: what else could we listen to but nasals? (3) atypical backing of dental/alveolar target to velar
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individual target sounds in isolation are not to be recommended as speech samples. THUS: the individual target speech sounds must occur in a phonetic context
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Two types of speech samples recommended for reporting: single (short) words – as the main speech sample single short sentences – as a supplementary type of speech sample
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The main reason : Speech outcome is influenced not only by: the individual target speech sounds but also by the phonetic context of the target sound
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Common specific requirements for the structure of speech material in terms of single words and short sentences: Birgit Hutters, phonetician,University of Copenhagen, Denmark Recommended by the Eurocran Speech Group
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EUROCRAN: European Collaboration on Craniofacial Anomalies Webside: link to the Eurocran speech project : “Good Practice Archive for Speech” www.eurocran.org
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Each language needs to work out a word list and a sentence list
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With adaptation to the specific language: The specific requirements when the TARGET SOUND occurs in WORDS:
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Single consonant inventory should include: all pressure consonants all or some non-pressure oral consonants one or more nasal consonants (+hyponasality)
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Vowel inventory should include: all or some high vowels all or some low vowels some non-high/low vowels
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As to phonetic context: the number of contextual sounds should be limited and the following should be avoided:
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pressure consonants within the word other than the target sound: ex g a t e, g ee s e, p ic k nasal consonants: t e n, c a n, p i n
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vowels of different height (in case of more vowels in the word): daddy, baby, potato
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For 'target' consonants in clusters, due to loading of the vp- mechanism on target cons : include following types: clusters with non-maximum loading (i.e. oral non-pressure consonants: (sleep, flag) clusters with maximum loading (i.e. nasal consonants: snow, snail, small) other types of clusters
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As to the position of the target consonants in the word, the consonant should occur in: 'strong position' other positions - if relevant for the consonant/language in question
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'Strong position' : where the target sound is: most distinctly articulated most easily recognizable minimally influenced by the context
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Next requirement with regard to the number of representations of each target consonant: single target consonants: three times in 'strong position', twice in other positions in clusters: twice
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Other requirements for the structure of the word list: the target consonants - and subsequently the words - should be randomly ordered high vowels should occur in approximately 10 of the words following a target consonant in 'strong position'
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Ex from English word list, 3 year old children (Scandcleft project, Eurocran) target word target sound pea p- (ideal ex) doll d- (ideal ex) peep p- (target sound – twice - OK) kick k- (target sound - twice - OK) gate g- (velar + dental - not recommended)
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SHORT SENTENCES: The following target consonants should occur in 'strong' and possibly other positions all single pressure consonants nasal consonant (+ hyponasality) others as required
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With regard to vowels, the following is suggested vowel height should be taken into consideration when deciding on the phonetic content of the sentences
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A few words of cross-linguistic comparisons Cleft Palate Craniofacial J: Sept 2004 Speech Outcome Following Treatment in Cross-Linguistic Cleft Palate Studies: Methodological Implications. Birgit Hutters, Gunilla Henningsson
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The impact of the cleft condition will differ across languages depending on how vulnerable a language is in terms of: prevalence of high pressure consonants prevalence of high vowels
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Two additional requirements for the target sounds intended for comparison - they should : be of similar phonetic content occur in similar phonetic context
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We have two controlled speech samples we all should use: single short words short sentences
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What about repeated syllables such as /pipipi/ ? No standardization for: the SLP´s rep behavior numbers of syllables used pronounciation of the vowel some syllable chains may be real words in some languages
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What about automatic speech and memorized material ?
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What about automatic speech cont. Should NOT be used within the battery of The Universal Reporting Parameters
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What about spontaneous speech ? impossible to control from a universal aspect impossible to describe the base for the assessment the length of the speech will vary the phonetic context will vary the speech tempo will vary
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However : spontaneous speech could still be assessed but in terms of intelligi- bility or with other rating scales. but once again: spontaneous speech should be rated and reported separated from single short words and short sentences
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Assessment and rating of HYPERNASALITY from high vowels within short words - or from low vowels if this is the purpose of our assessment keep assessment and rating of high and low vowels separated
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Hypernasality cont. Recommendation: assessment of 10 short words with high vowels The longer the speech samples with a mixture of vowels - the more difficult to listen to the individual vowels and rating of hypernasality
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For the clinical speech assesment of an individual patient, the SLP is free to use whatever speech samples he/she likes, but they will not be usable within the battery of The Universal Reporting Parameters
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The point is: in order to be able to report on speech outcome in a meaningful way - the require- ments for speech samples should be considered in the clinical assessment
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Each cleft palate team within each language needs to establish : a word list as much as possible in accordance to the recommended requirements a sentence list as much as possible in accordance to the recommended requirements
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How to elicit single word speech material?
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Eurocran recommendations (1) parents must not interfere with the child´s talk naming of the word - first choice semantic prompting -next choice final choice : repetition of the word After each naming the SLP should repeat the target word
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Further recommendations (2) the speech samples: tape recordings of high standard high quality equipment (see Eurocran recommendations) the target sound realisation: transcriptions from the recordings should be used for assessing cleft palate speech characteristics:
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Further recommendations (3) This means that: each target speech sound realisation could include more than ONE speech characteristic (ex dental backing to velar + nasal emission)
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Further recommendations (4) Words and sentences should include an established number of target speech sounds then: type of speech characteristics – AND number of correct and incorrect responses could be summed up and transferred into any scoring system
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Further recommendations (5) CSAG (Great Britain) the ScandCleft Project (longitu- dinal, multicenter study:10 european cleft palate centres, 5 languages Swedish Articulation and Nasality Test: SVANTE (publ 2005)
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