1. Motivation and Empowerment
Chapter 8
Motivation and Empowerment

2. Learning Objectives
Recognize and apply the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards
Tap into the motives that induce people to take action to accomplish important goals
Motivate others by meeting their higher-level needs
Apply needs-based theories of motivation and understand how the concept of equity applies to motivation

3. Learning Objectives
Describe the psychological and structural elements of empowerment and how empowerment contributes to motivation
Apply the job characteristics model to enrich jobs
Identify factors that play a role in employee engagement and use engagement to meet higher level needs

4. Learning Objectives
Build a thriving workforce by giving people a sense of making progress toward meaningful goals

5. Exhibit 8.1 - A Simple Model of Motivation

6. Types of Rewards Intrinsic rewards
Internal satisfactions a person receives in the process of performing a particular action
Appeal to the higher needs of individuals
Intrinsic rewards
Given by another person, typically a supervisor
Pay raise and promotions
Appeal to the lower needs of individuals
Extrinsic rewards

7. Exhibit 8.2 - Needs of People and Motivation Methods

8. Exhibit 8.3 - Four Categories of Motives
Source: Based on Bruce H. Jackson, “Influence Behavior: Become a Master Motivator,” Leadership Excellence (April 2010), p. 14

9. Needs-Based Theory of Motivation
Maslow’s theory proposes that humans are motivated by multiple needs and those needs exist in a hierarchical order
Hierarchy of needs theory
Hygiene factors: Involves the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions, pay, company policies, and interpersonal relationships
Motivators: Involves job satisfaction and meeting higher-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth
Two-factor theory
McClelland’s theory proposes that certain types of needs are acquired during an individual’s lifetime
Need for achievement, affiliation, and power
Acquired needs theory

10. Exhibit 8.4 - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

11. Exhibit 8.5 - Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

12. Other Motivation Theories
Looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences
Behavior modification: Set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify behavior
Reinforcement theory
Motivation depends on individuals’ mental expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards 
Expectancy theory
People are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they receive for performance
State of equity - Ratio of one person’s outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of others’ in the work group
Inequity - Input/outcome ratios are out of balance
Equity theory

13. Exhibit 8.6 - Shaping Behavior with Reinforcement

14. Exhibit 8.7 - Key Elements of Expectancy Theory

15. Exhibit 8.8 - The Job Characteristics Model
Source: Adapted from J. Richard hackman and G.R. Oldham, “Motivation through the design of Work: Test of a Theory,” Organizational Behavior Human Performance 16 (1976): 256

16. Exhibit 8.9 - The Empowerment Continuum